November 2023

Abstract:

The global rise in meat consumption is one of the major concerns among food researchers and policymakers. In this panorama, alternative protein sources like plant-based meat, insect-based flours, and cultured meat emerged as potential solutions. Many contributions have been published on consumers’ perception of meat alternatives, however, only a few of them presented a direct comparison between the three categories and none of them explicitly scrutinized the different attitudes that omnivorous, flexitarians or veg*an consumers show towards them. With the aim to fill this gap, an online questionnaire was conducted to explore the willingness to substitute conventional meats with the alternative options. Surveying 678 Italian consumers representing each dietary group this research sheds light on the complexities of consumer attitudes towards alternative protein sources and offers valuable insights for policymakers and marketers seeking to foster sustainable dietary choices. Applying ANOVA and post-hoc comparison of means test, we found that plant-based meat showed promise to non-omnivorous consumers, while hesitation prevailed towards insect-based flours and Title Page cultured meat among all dietary groups. Vegetarians displayed the least willingness to adopt insect-based flours due to potential dietary disruption. Surprisingly, both omnivores and flexitarians exhibited negative attitudes towards cultured meat, possibly due to taste and production concerns. Understanding diverse dietary group preferences is vital for promoting meat alternatives in the Italian market through targeted interventions and education.

Eugenio, D., Elena, M. M., Mario, A., Annafrancesca, C., Fabio, V., & Anna, G. (2024). Acceptance of alternative meats among different dietarian styles: An explorative analysis in Italy. Food Quality and Preference, 113, 105060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.105060

Abstract:

The global rise in meat consumption is one of the major concerns among food researchers and policymakers. In this panorama, alternative protein sources like plant-based meat, insect-based flours, and cultured meat emerged as potential solutions. Many contributions have been published on consumers’ perception of meat alternatives, however, only a few of them presented a direct comparison between the three categories and none of them explicitly scrutinized the different attitudes that omnivorous, flexitarians or veg*an consumers show towards them. With the aim to fill this gap, an online questionnaire was conducted to explore the willingness to substitute conventional meats with the alternative options. Surveying 678 Italian consumers representing each dietary group this research sheds light on the complexities of consumer attitudes towards alternative protein sources and offers valuable insights for policymakers and marketers seeking to foster sustainable dietary choices. Applying ANOVA and post-hoc comparison of means test, we found that plant-based meat showed promise to non-omnivorous consumers, while hesitation prevailed towards insect-based flours and Title Page cultured meat among all dietary groups. Vegetarians displayed the least willingness to adopt insect-based flours due to potential dietary disruption. Surprisingly, both omnivores and flexitarians exhibited negative attitudes towards cultured meat, possibly due to taste and production concerns. Understanding diverse dietary group preferences is vital for promoting meat alternatives in the Italian market through targeted interventions and education.

Eugenio, D., Elena, M. M., Mario, A., Annafrancesca, C., Fabio, V., & Anna, G. (2024). Acceptance of alternative meats among different dietarian styles: An explorative analysis in Italy. Food Quality and Preference, 113, 105060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.105060

Abstract:

Background: Research on the consumer acceptance of alternative meats will aid our understanding of how to increase their consumption and demand. There are limited data on this in the Asian context, particularly comparing various alternative meat products within a singular study. Objective: In a multi-ethnic Asian population, the demographics and attitudes of individuals towards consuming plant-based meat alternatives, cultured meat, and insect-based products were examined. Methods: Adult Singapore residents (n = 1224) were recruited from the Multi-Ethnic Cohort Phase 2 study to participate in an online survey. Demographic information, dietary habits, and attitudes towards livestock products and alternative meats were obtained. Key demographic and attitudinal factors of consumption intent and participants’ willingness to pay were identified using hierarchical ordinal regression. Results: Consumption intent for plant-based meat alternatives was the highest, followed by cultured meat, and then insect-based products. The strongest barrier to consumption intent was the perception of un-naturalness, found mostly towards cultured meat, followed by insect-based products, and then plant-based meat. Familiarity with the products and being male were associated with greater willingness to consume all three types of alternative meats. Attitudinal factors such as environmental sustainability, distrust in biotechnology, food neophobia, and animal welfare influenced the consumption intent of plant-based meat, cultured meat, and insect-based products, respectively. Participants were more willing to pay a higher price for alternative meats if they were concerned about the use of chemicals in animal products. Conclusion: Common and unique factors towards consuming the various alternative meats were identified. Our findings suggest that different communication strategies may be needed to promote the consumption and acceptance of different types of alternative meats.

Chia, A., Shou, Y., Wong, N., Cameron-Smith, D., Sim, X., Van Dam, R., & Chong, M. F.-F. (2023). Acceptance of alternative meats in a multiethnic Asian cohort: A comparison of plant-based meat alternatives, cultured meat, and insect-based products. The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091008

Abstract:

Alternative meat is a protein food produced by cultivating animal cells, processing insects, and extracting vegetable raw materials, rather than slaughtering animals, and has been suggested as an alternative to conventional meat to solve the current factory farming and animal rights problems. The global alternative meat market is expected to reach $29 billion by 2035 from $1.78 billion in 2025. Alternative meat has significantly lower water and land use and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional meat production methods and is free from the emerging animal ethics problem. However, with the current technology, there is a limit to reproducing the taste, texture, and nutritional content of actual meat, so continuous technology development is needed. The negative perception of some consumers and the absence of alternative meat-related systems are also challenges to be solved. This paper deals with the types, characteristics, market status, and the latest technology trends of alternative meat. In addition, we aim to contribute to the development and establishment of alternative meat by looking at alternative meat from the perspective of consumption and investigating the challenges that the alternative meat industry must solve to establish itself as a future food source.

Park, S., Sim, H., Yu, S., Han, H., & Jung, S. P. (2023). Alternative meat as future food, seeking a sustainable future. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers, 45(11), 491–505. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sokhee-Jung/publication/375999322_Alternative_Meat_as_Future_Food_Seeking_a_Sustainable_Future/links/6566ee8d3fa26f66f437502e/Alternative-Meat-as-Future-Food-Seeking-a-Sustainable-Future.pdf 

Abstract:

Over one fourth of today's greenhouse gas emissions are the result of agriculture, with the production of meat representing a large portion of this carbon footprint. As the wealth of low- and middle-income countries continues to increase, the demand for animal-sourced protein, such as dairy and meat products, will escalate. At this point in time, livestock feed alone utilizes almost 40% of the world's cropland. The rapidly increasing world population, coupled with a need for environmental sustainability, has renewed our attention on animal-protein substitutes. Apprehensions over climate change have aided an acceleration in the research and development of alternative proteins, which may replace some animal-sourced protein over time. The alternative dairy and meat industry is developing at a yearly rate of 15.8% and is predicted to reach 1.2 trillion $USD by 2030. This emerging market incorporates new technologies in plant-made protein production, manufacturing of animal proteins by fermentation using microbial bioreactors, and accelerated production of cultivated (also known as cell-based) meat. These new technologies should change the global market drammatically. This article describes the history of the alternative protein industry and its' current status, then offers predictions of future pathways for this rapidly accelerating market. More speculatively, it discusses factors that lead to shifts in consumer behavior that trend toward the adoptation of new technologies.

Hefferon, K. L., De Steur, H., Perez-Cueto, F. J. A., & Herring, R. (2023). Alternative protein innovations and challenges for industry and consumer: An initial overview. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1038286 

Abstract:

Food labels are an important factor in determining purchases. The aim of the study was to discover consumer expectations regarding the labelling of products containing cultured meat. A comparative analysis was conducted on 1,286 consumers, taking food technology neophobia, customer innovativeness and health consciousness into account. The analysis is based on a series of Repeated Measures ANOVAs, which has made it possible to identify individual differences among consumers. We found a significant variation in terms of a level with which consumers formulate their judgment concerning the information that should appear on the packaging. We identified three groups of variables with different levels of expectation, where in-vitro is not the leading one. The results indicate that the placement of information about cultured meat on food labels may have a negative stigmatizing effect.

Szymkowiak, A., Antoniak, M. A., Bokwa, K., Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Vlčko, T., Kulawik, P., & Golian, J. (2023). Consumer expectations regarding the labelling of products containing cultured meat. Marketing i Rynek, 2023(10), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.33226/1231-7853.2023.10.4 

Abstract:

The consumption of plant-based meat is increasing, reflecting consumers' concerns about health, animal welfare, the environment, and sustainability. However, plant-based meat consumption remains low owing to the barriers to shifting consumers to this nonmeat diet. We evaluate consumers' intentions to consume plant-based meat from the perspectives of exploratory behavior and the regulatory focus theory. We collect 642 valid responses and use structural equation modeling to explore the relationship between exploratory behavior, regulatory focus values, and plant-based meat purchase intention. exploratory behaviors encompass risk-taking, variety-seeking, and curiosity, while regulatory-focus values comprise promotion- and prevention-focus values. The results show that exploratory behaviors affect plant-based meat purchase intention. Promotion-focus value has a greater impact on purchase intention than prevention-focus value. Promotion-focus value mediates the relationship between exploratory behaviors and purchase intention, whereas prevention-focus value mediates the relationship between risk-taking and purchase intention. Drawing on consumers' consumption values, we reveal distinct managerial implications, such as providing important information and adopting online selling to attract buyers [EconLit Citations: Q01, Q13, Q55, Q56].

Chen, N., & Tsai, M. (2023). Consumers’ intention to adopt plant‐based meat. Agribusiness. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21874 

Abstract:

Aiming to minimise environmental impacts, diets with reduced consumption of animal products have increased strongly in recent years. These changes give rise to innovative developments in the plant-based market. In this study, we aimed to investigate these changes by looking at the linguistic discourse on plant-based alternatives in three countries. We chose the USA as the country with the highest meat consumption and India as the country with the highest percentage of vegetarians. For both countries, we analysed linguistic data from the most read English newspapers over the last two years. As a third country, we chose Switzerland, where a lot of plant-based innovation is currently happening. Additionally, we performed a longitudinal analysis on Swiss data from the last ten years to more closely examine this recent period of plant-based innovation. With that, we focused on consumer perception of plant-based products by analysing the linguistic discourse and thereby contrast the available data from the literature that was mainly obtained through interrogation of consumers. Cross-cultural comparison reveales that in all three countries, there is a distinct focus on meat (alternatives). Dairy alternatives seem to play a minor role in the discourse. In the USA, appearances matter (food stylist), the Indian discourse includes the aspects health (“skin”, “hair”) and wealth (prices) and the Swiss discourse includes sustainability. Longitudinal analysis of the Swiss discourse over the last ten years revealed that there was an overall increase of the discourse and a connection to the ongoing political debate. Our study suggests that plant-based products are not only part of the sustainable transition but can also be a lifestyle choice. Overall, the study highlights cross-cultural differences and similarities in the language used about plant-based alternatives and discusses some implications.

Runte, M., Nuessli Guth, J., & Ammann, J. (2023). Consumers’ perception of plant-based alternatives and changes over time: A linguistic analysis across three countries and ten years. Food Quality and Preference, 105057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.105057 

Abstract:

The growing world population, public awareness of animal welfare, environmental impacts and changes in meat consumption leads to the search for novel approaches to food production. Novel foods include products with a new or specifically modified molecular structure, foods made from microorganisms, fungi, algae or insects, as well as from animal cell or tissue cultures. The latter approach is known by various names: “clean meat”, “in vitro meat” and “cell-cultured” or “(cell-)cultivated meat”. Here, cells isolated from agronomically important species are expanded ex vivo to produce cell biomass used in unstructured meat or to grow and differentiate cells on scaffolds to produce structured meat analogues. Despite the fast-growing field and high financial interest from investors and governments, cultivated meat production still faces challenges ranging from cell source choice, affordable expansion, use of cruelty-free and food-grade media, regulatory issues and consumer acceptance. This overview discusses the above challenges and possible solutions and strategies in the production of cultivated meat. The review integrates multifaceted historical, social, and technological insights of the field, and provides both an engaging comprehensive introduction for general interested and a robust perspective for experts.

Kirsch, M., Morales‐Dalmau, J., & Lavrentieva, A. (2023). Cultivated meat manufacturing: Technology, trends, and challenges. Engineering in Life Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.202300227 

Abstract:

The implementation of sustainable food systems on a global scale is of utmost importance in order to effectively achieve sustainable diet goals on a world level. Plant-based meat alternatives offer potential replacements for meals derived from animals and serve as a means to transition towards more environmentally sustainable dietary choices. Therefore, in the quest for sustainable diets, comprehending consumer behavior and preferences within the context of the plant-based meat revolution is crucial. The current study is planned to examine the factors that influence the acceptance of plant-based meat alternatives among Chinese people. For this purpose, data collected from 610 individuals through an online survey was analyzed using the partial least square structural equation model. The findings reveal that consumer perceptions, particularly regarding taste, nutrition values, and texture, were found to have a significant impact on the acceptance of plant-based meat alternatives. Effective promotional strategies, availability, and accessibility also play a vital role in influencing consumer preferences for plant-based meat alternatives. The outcomes regarding the significance of health perception and environmental concern in transforming consumer preferences for plant-based meat alternatives are also highlighted. Consumers prioritize plant-based meat alternatives due to their perceived health benefits and favorable environmental impact. Moreover, consumer satisfaction, rooted in meeting or exceeding expectations, signifies the mediating role in the relationship between consumer perceptions and the acceptance of plant-based meat alternatives, which boosts the plantbased meat alternatives' acceptance. Furthermore, the findings underline the mediating role of environmental attitude in the relationship between environmental concerns and plant-based meat alternatives' acceptance, emphasizing the importance of sustainable dietary choices. In general, these findings provide valuable insights into the promotion of sustainable dietary choices, the alignment of consumer behavior with environmentally conscious decisions, and transforming the food systems in light of changing consumer behavior and ecological concerns.

Erfanian, S., Qin, S., & Dayo, M. A. (2023). Cultivating a greener plate: Understanding consumer choices in the plant-based meat revolution for sustainable diets. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1315448/abstract

Abstract:

Positive emotions are critical for the success of food products in the marketplace. Yet, little is known about the emotional response to plant-based meat alternatives. This study investigated food-evoked emotions of plant-based burgers and meat burgers, and their associations with liking and choice for either of the burgers. In an online survey, 279 Dutch adults (meat eaters and flexitarians) were shown pictures of a plant-based burger and a meat burger in random order. They were asked to imagine eating the burgers, and then to rate the expected experience of 13 food-evoked emotions and liking for each burger on a 7-point Likert scale. Participants also had to indicate which of the two burgers they would choose to eat. Results showed that participants expected to feel more ‘proud’ and ‘cool’ and less ‘guilty’ and ‘worried’ when eating a plant-based burger compared to a meat burger (p < 0.05). In contrast, they expected to feel more ‘happy’ and less ‘bored’ when eating a meat burger (p < 0.05). Anticipated emotions ‘satisfied’ (B = 0.30), ‘anxious’ (B = 0.22) and ‘worried’ (B = −0.30) were significantly related to the expected liking of the plant-based burger; choosing a plant-based burger was mainly influenced by being flexitarian (B = 0.28) (all p < 0.05). This study provided valuable new insights in the anticipated emotional response to plant-based and meat burgers and identified potential emotional targets to encourage people to switch meat for plant-based alternatives. Future research should investigate whether (interventions to reinforce) anticipated food-evoked emotions impact actual food choice behaviour and liking of plant-based meat alternatives.

Zandstra, E. H., Ossel, L., & Neufingerl, N. (2023). Eating a plant-based burger makes me feel proud and cool: An online survey on food-evoked emotions of plant-based meat. Food Quality and Preference, 105046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.105046

Abstract:

Despite the recent approval of cultured meat products in Singapore, the understanding of public perceptions towards this novel food technology remains limited. Utilizing attitude formation theory and the mental models approach, this study compares the mental models of the general public and experts regarding their risk and benefit perceptions of cultured meat. Through four online focus group discussions with 40 participants, we found convergences in the mental models of experts and the general public concerning perceived individual- and societal-level benefits of cultured meat (e.g., health benefits and food security) as well as their perceived individual-level risks of cultured meat (e.g., potential health issues and affordability). However, divergences in understanding societal-level risks were noted; the public expressed concerns about the challenges of cultured meat to religious and racial dietary customs, while experts highlighted potential investment uncertainties due to unclear consumer acceptance of cultured meat. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Ho, S. S., Ou, M., & Ong, Z. T. (2023). Exploring the general public’s and experts’ risk and benefit perceptions of cultured meat in Singapore: A mental models approach. Plos One, 18(11), e0295265. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295265

Abstract:

Creating novel options and using new technologies can enhance the quality, safety, productivity, sustainability and nutritional value of food while securing a better supply. Developed to form part of the sustainability transition, the future of the novel plant-sourced food alternatives is influenced by consumer acceptance or rejection. Representing 30% of the world’s population, understanding Generation Z’s (Gen Z’s) consumer viewpoints is important in this respect.

The chapter explores the attitudes of Australia’s Gen Z towards the new protein options using a transition theory framework. It shows that Australian Gen Z consumers have limited knowledge of the new plant-based alternatives. Building trust and transparency is likely to allow these consumers to accept more variety in their diets. While alternative proteins are under Gen Z’s scrutiny, social marketing messages can influence these young consumers.

Bogueva, D., & Marinova, D. (2024). Generation Z and novel plant-based food alternatives. In G. Bertella & C. Santini (Eds.), Plant-Based Food Consumption: Products, Consumers and Strategies (pp. 105–129). Woodhead Publishing. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323988285000073

Abstract:

Purpose

Individuals perceive multiple barriers to consuming cultured meat. This study empirically investigates whether different types of social norms enhance behavioural intentions towards this novel food technology. Specifically, it examines the impact of general norms, in-group norms and out-group norms (based on meat-eaters or non-meat eaters, respectively) on consumers' willingness to try cultured meat.

Design/methodology/approach

A two-factorial between-subject online experiment was conducted using a sample of 431 Austrian consumers. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling in AMOS.

Findings

This study finds empirical support that both general norms and dietary in-group norms enhance consumers' behavioural intentions towards cultured meat, whereas dietary out-group norms do not affect the latter. The effect of in-group norms on behavioural intentions is mediated by identification with the respective dietary in-group. In addition, in-group identification and out-group disidentification as well as dietary identity also directly affect willingness to try cultured meat. Overall, meat-eaters report greater behavioural intentions than non-meat-eaters.

Practical implications

The findings indicate that using normative dietary cues in marketing campaigns might assist in efforts to increase consumer acceptance of cultured meat. Such efforts might be particularly relevant when introducing cultured meat to European markets.

Originality/value

This study is the first to experimentally examine the principles of the focus theory of normative conduct and social identity theory in the context of consumer-oriented cultured meat research. It contributes to the current literature by empirically demonstrating the relevance of social (group) norms in this domain.

Lewisch, L., & Riefler, P. (2023). How social norms and dietary identity affect willingness to try cultured meat. British Food Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-11-2022-1016

Abstract:

Background

Food sources with high productivity and low environmental impact can alleviate or even overcome the pressure of the growing global population and deteriorating climate. Microalgal proteins are promising alternatives to impel a win–win diet structure, but joint analyses of environmental impacts, health benefits, and consumer's acceptance are seldom available.

Scope and approach

Herein, we propose the feasibility of using microalgal protein for nutritious and sustainable foods driven by developing technologies and future food systems. The major barriers in the economic viability of protein production, tailored nutrients, and acceptable organoleptic traits are discussed to realize this expectation.

Key findings and conclusions

The sustainable production of microalgal protein is specific context based on cultivation modes and strategies. The high-density cultivation of microalgae provides three orders of magnitude of protein productivity than traditional crops but produces more greenhouse gas. A potential conflict exists between greenhouse-gas emissions and the utilization of land and freshwater resources. The in situ high-density concept by regulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism holds promise for improving protein production while mitigating environmental impacts. In addition, microalgal proteins are nutritious to substitute red meat by overcoming several nutritional deficiencies. Consumer acceptance influences microalgal production, and then efficient strategies and novel technologies are proposed to overcome barriers in this process. Our findings support an integrated system involving stakeholders to further develop microalgal protein for sustainable and nutritious foods.

Yang, S., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Cheng, K., Liu, J., He, Y., Zhang, Y., Mou, H., & Sun, H. (2024). Microalgal protein for sustainable and nutritious foods: A joint analysis of environmental impacts, health benefits and consumer’s acceptance. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 143, 104278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.104278

Abstract:

Owing to environmental, ethical, health, and safety concerns, there has been considerable interest in replacing traditional animal-sourced foods like meat, seafood, egg, and dairy products with next-generation plant-based analogs that accurately mimic their properties. Numerous plant-based foods have already been successfully introduced to the market, but there are still several challenges that must be overcome before they are adopted by more consumers. In this article, we review the current status of the science behind the development of next-generation plant-based foods and highlight areas where further research is needed to improve their quality, increase their diversity, and reduce their cost, including improving ingredient performance, developing innovative processing methods, establishing structure–function relationships, and improving nutritional profiles.

McClements, D. J., & Grossmann, L. (2023). Next-generation plant-based foods: Challenges and opportunities. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-072023-034414

Abstract:

All over the world, the development of products that resemble meat but contain predominantly plant-sourced ingredients is a prime focus. Meat obtained by rearing animals is associated with a range of important issues related to the sustainability of the planet. Locally, the topic is trending and the cause of various debates among industry role players. This study aimed to explore and analyze plant-based meat alternative (PBMA) products in the South African retail market as well as review internal (nutritional content and ingredients) and external (country of origin, cost/kg, and label claims) factors of the products. This study also compared the nutritional content of PBMA and comparative meat products. Seventy-eight PBMA products were included: plant-based sausages (n = 23), burgers (n = 31), chicken-style (n = 11), mince (n = 8), and an “other” (n = 5) category providing for a variety of product lines. Information from product packaging (total fat, saturated fat, fiber, protein, sugar, sodium, carbohydrates, and energy density) was extracted for all PBMA (n = 78) and comparative meat product lines (n = 28). Meat products tended to be comparatively higher in saturated fat, while PBMAs were higher in carbohydrate, sugar, and dietary fiber content. Sodium content of plant-based mince was approximately five times higher than beef mince. On-pack claims for PBMAs included vegetarian/vegan/plant based (80% of products), high in/source of protein (48%), containing no genetically modified organisms (GMOs; 16%), and gluten free (26%). The plant protein trend has prompted innovation in PBMAs, however, wide nutrient ranges and higher sodium levels highlight the importance of nutrition guidelines for their development to ensure healthier product offerings to consumers. The findings of this study may assist in exploration of consumers' preferences/attitudes or engagement with PBMA products, which could, in turn, guide new product development within the category. However, information about possible barriers, drivers, consumer expectations, and attitudes toward these products is also required.

Moonaisur, N., Marx‐Pienaar, N., & de Kock, H. L. (2023). Plant‐based meat alternatives in South Africa: An analysis of products on supermarket shelves. Food Science & Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3765

Abstract:

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Nicholles, B. (2023). Public perceptions of plant-based pet food. Bryant Research. https://bryantresearch.co.uk/insight-items/plant-pet-food/

Abstract:

n/a

Nicholles, B. (2023). Public perceptions of plant-based pet food. Bryant Research. https://bryantresearch.co.uk/insight-items/plant-pet-food/

Abstract:

Plant-based meat substitutes replacing animal meat can potentially support the transition towards more sustainable diets. To enable the required transition, consumer acceptance of plant-based meat is essential. An important aspect of this is the feeling of satiety or being full after eating. This study determined the satiating capacity of both plant-based meat and animal meat in 60 adults under real-life in-home conditions. Participants consumed four fixed ready-to eat meals for lunch at home once per week. Two types of Indian curry with ‘chicken’ were investigated as well as two types of pasta Bolognese with ‘minced meat’. The two ‘chicken’ dishes and the two ‘minced meat’ dishes had the same recipe except for a gram-for-gram swap (125 g each) of either animal meat (chicken breast and minced meat) or plant-based (soy) meat. Results showed no difference in the satiating power of an animal meat dish and a plant-based meat dish when these were eaten as part of a full lunch meal at home. In addition, the meals did not result in energy nor macronutrient compensation during the rest of the day after consuming the meals. This occurred despite the caloric differences of the meals as a result of the real-life conditions (i.e., a lower energy content of the pasta with plant-based meat compared to the other meals). We conclude that meals with plant-based meat can be as satiating as meals with animal meat.

Zandstra, E. H., Polet, I. A., Zeinstra, G. G., Wanders, A. J., & Dijksterhuis, G. B. (2023). Satiating capacity of plant-based meat in realistic meal contexts at home. Foods, 12(23), 4280. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234280

Abstract:

Although South Africa accounts for half of the alternative meat market for the African continent, there remains a lack of information about consumer demand for plant-based and lab-cultured meat and its market potential domestically. This study reports the results of a nationwide survey of 649 South African consumers who completed a choice experiment in which they selected among conventional beef and three alternative burger patties at varying prices. Results indicate that holding prices constant and conditional on choosing a food product, 21% of the market share was estimated for plant-based meat alternatives and 38% for lab-cultured meat.

Tsvakirai, C., Nalley, L., Rider, S., Van Loo, E., & Tshehla, M. (2023). The alternative livestock revolution: Prospects for consumer acceptance of plant-based and cultured meat in South Africa. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 55(4), 710–729. https://doi.org/10.1017/aae.2023.36

Abstract:

A widespread sense of the unsustainability of the food system has taken hold in recent years, leading to calls for fundamental change. The role of animal agriculture is central to many of these debates, leading to interest in the possibility of a “protein transition,” whereby the production and consumption of animal-derived foods is replaced with plant-based substitutes or “alternative proteins.” Despite the potential sustainability implications of this transition, the developmental trajectories and transformative potential of the associated technologies remain underexplored. This article sheds light on these dynamics by addressing two questions: 1) how have alternative protein innovations developed over the past three decades, and 2) what explains their more recent acceleration? To answer these questions, the article makes an empirical analysis of four alternative protein innovations, and the partial destabilization of the animal agriculture system between 1990 and 2021, guided by the multi-level perspective. The analysis highlights an intensification in corporate engagement with alternative protein development and diffusion. This intensification is judged to be consistent with the beginnings of a wider corporate reorientation, occurring alongside a rise in pressures on the animal agriculture system, notably an increasing scientific consensus and societal awareness of the links between climate change and meat-intensive diets. The paper demonstrates how differences in technological maturity across the niche innovations have resulted in potentially transformative pressures, which are consistent with an emerging sustainability transition, manifesting differently in terms of the extent of diffusion of the alternative protein niches.

Mylan, J., Andrews, J., & Maye, D. (2023). The big business of sustainable food production and consumption: Exploring the transition to alternative proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(47), e2207782120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2207782120

Abstract:

A widespread sense of the unsustainability of the food system has taken hold in recent years, leading to calls for fundamental change. The role of animal agriculture is central to many of these debates, leading to interest in the possibility of a “protein transition,” whereby the production and consumption of animal-derived foods is replaced with plant-based substitutes or “alternative proteins.” Despite the potential sustainability implications of this transition, the developmental trajectories and transformative potential of the associated technologies remain underexplored. This article sheds light on these dynamics by addressing two questions: 1) how have alternative protein innovations developed over the past three decades, and 2) what explains their more recent acceleration? To answer these questions, the article makes an empirical analysis of four alternative protein innovations, and the partial destabilization of the animal agriculture system between 1990 and 2021, guided by the multi-level perspective. The analysis highlights an intensification in corporate engagement with alternative protein development and diffusion. This intensification is judged to be consistent with the beginnings of a wider corporate reorientation, occurring alongside a rise in pressures on the animal agriculture system, notably an increasing scientific consensus and societal awareness of the links between climate change and meat-intensive diets. The paper demonstrates how differences in technological maturity across the niche innovations have resulted in potentially transformative pressures, which are consistent with an emerging sustainability transition, manifesting differently in terms of the extent of diffusion of the alternative protein niches.

Assele, S. Y., Meulders, M., Michiels, H., Flamant, N., & Vandebroek, M. (2023). The effect of information provision and color coding in product labeling on the preference for meat substitutes. Sustainability, 15(22), 15688. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215688

Abstract:

Cultured meat, produced by culturing animal cells in vitro, is gaining increasing interest. The first products obtained using this technology were authorized for human consumption in Singapore and the United States, and more are likely to follow in other parts of the world. Therefore, it is important to assess the attitudes toward such meat in various populations and understand the grounds for its acceptance and rejection. The present cross-sectional online study of adult Poles (n = 1553) aimed to evaluate knowledge of cultured meat, the main reasons and fears associated with its production and consumption, and willingness to buy it and factors influencing such willingness. Most respondents (63%) were familiar with the concept of cultured meat, and 54% declared to purchase it when available. However, concerns over safety were expressed by individuals accepting (39%) and rejecting (49%) such meat. The main motivations for choosing it included limiting animal suffering (76%) and environmental impacts of meat consumption (67%), although over half of responders willing to buy these products were driven by curiosity (58%). Multiple logistic regression revealed that odds (OR; 95%CI) for accepting cultured meat were significantly increased for adults aged 18–40 (1.8; 1.2–2.7); women (1.8; 1.2–2.7); meat eaters (8.7; 5.6–13.6); individuals convinced that animal farming adversely affects the climate (7.6; 3.1–18.3), surface waters (3.1; 1.2–8.1), and air quality (3.0; 1.2–7.6); those familiar with cultured meat concept (4.2, 2.2–8.4); and those revealing high openness to experience (1.7; 1.2–2.4). The results highlight that the Polish population may be moderately ready to accept cultured meat and identify the groups resistant to accepting it. Well-designed and transparent promotion of these products is required to increase the general public’s understanding of the potential benefits and challenges of cultured meat technology.

Sikora, D., & Rzymski, P. (2023). The heat about cultured meat in Poland: A cross-sectional acceptance study. Nutrients, 15(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214649

Abstract:

The environmental challenges associated with meat production and consumption have driven the rise of new plant-based (PB) meats. However, PB meat consumption among Europeans remains low. One of the main barriers to the consumption of PB foods is the consumers' need for information. Social media (SM) can help rapidly disseminate a wide range of information. Yet, misinformation in these channels raises concerns about consumers’ trust. Therefore, this study examined whether involvement in SM mediates the relationship between beliefs, attitudes and intentions towards reducing meat consumption and PB meat behavioral intentions, particularly for omnivores and flexitarians. Data were collected from 10 European countries (n = 6869). Two SM-related factors, namely the likelihood of using SM to find information about PB foods and trust in information about PB foods from SM were designated as mediators. At least 30 % of the respondents were more likely to use and trust information on PB food from SM. The mediation analyses revealed significant partial mediation (p < 0.001) with respect to the direct effect between beliefs, attitudes and intentions towards meat reduction and the indirect effects of the mediators on PB meat behavioral intentions. This study builds upon how SM shape the behavioral intentions towards PB meat consumption and the meat reducing attitudes of Europeans. The results also provide evidence on how SM can promote European consumers' behavioral intentions for PB meat.

Rini, L., Bayudan, S., Faber, I., Jietse Schouteten, J., Perez-Cueto, F. J. A., Bechtold, K.-B., Gellynck, X., Bom Frøst, M., & De Steur, H. (2023). The role of social media in driving attitudes and beliefs towards plant-based meat behavioral intentions. Food Quality and Preference, 105059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.105059

Abstract:

n/a

Bryant, C. (2023). The ultra-processed myth. Bryant Research. https://bryantresearch.co.uk/insight-items/ultra-processed-myth/

Abstract:

Restaurants constitute a potentially impactful setting to stimulate consumption of plant-based dishes, at the expense of meat dishes, as meat is relatively dominant in restaurants in terms of supply and consumer demand. Review and empirical studies indicate that behavioural nudges – that is, subtle changes in the decision context to steer choices in ‘good’ directions by, for instance, changing the default or portion sizes – are helpful to food consumers in restaurants to shift away from a choice for meat towards plant-based choices. This chapter provides a concise and comprehensive overview of recent nudging studies in the restaurant setting devoted to decrease meat consumption and/or increase plant-based food consumption. Based on our and others’ nudging studies, we conclude that nudges are a potentially powerful tool to steer restaurant patrons’ choices towards vegetarian options. However, ultimately other transformative changes (e.g., sociocultural) are needed to facilitate long-term, large-scale consumer adoption and maintenance of plant-based diets.

Dagevos, H., Taufik, D., Reinders, M., Rood, R., & Bouwman, E. (2023). The power of behavioural nudges tailored to plant-based dishes when eating out. In G. Bertella & C. Santini (Eds.), Plant-Based Food Consumption: Products, Consumers and Strategies (pp. 297–316). Woodhead Publishing. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323988285000012

Abstract:

Background

Both the increase in food demand and planetary boundaries underline the need to increase plant-based protein consumption, as the current diet of the Flemish population is unsustainable.

Methods

As hospitals are a difficult setting to change, the supply of (partly) plant-based meal options in Belgian Dutch-speaking hospitals was mapped using an online questionnaire, with response options according to: frequency of supply or (no) offer.

Results

This study shows that in the 45 Belgian Dutch-speaking participating hospitals the supply of (partly) plant-based options is limited and that it’s only to a low extend correlated to the type of hospital.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that the supply of (partly) plant-based meal options is still limited in Belgian Dutch-speaking hospitals. Belgian hospitals should investigate the possibility to offer more healthy plant-based meal options in line with (inter)national guidelines.

Mertens, E., Deriemaeker, P., Peeters, T., & Beneden, K. V. (2023). The supply of vegetarian and completely plant-based meal options in Belgian hospitals. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3485989/v1

Abstract:

The environmental and social impacts of cultured meat, and its economic viability, are contingent on its implications for food production and for agriculture. However, the implications of cultured meat production for farmers have not yet been thoroughly investigated and are poorly understood. The aim of this research was to engage with the farming sector in critically assessing cultured meat as a technology which could profoundly affect future farm livelihoods, land use, rural and farming communities and agricultural value chains. Ensuring farmers' voices, and potential 'counternarratives' inform the development of cultured meat is not only inclusive, but could identify unexpected impacts of this emerging technology and contribute to the framing of the social license of the industry developing them.Six focus groups were undertaken with 75 UK farmers from a variety of farming sectors and regions. Questions focused on what the term 'cultured meat' means to farmers, the potential impacts of cultured meat, and potential business scenarios arising for farmers. All meetings were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed.Farmers expressed complex and considered reflections on cultured meat, raising several perceived opportunities and risks associated with the themes of 'ethics and affective' narratives, 'environmentbased' narratives, and 'socio-economic' narratives. Aspects of foci of power, food system control and transparency associated with cultured meat emerged from the conversations, as well as cultured meat's potential impacts on the environment and on jobs, farming/rural communities and connecting with the land.Globally, meat production underpins the livelihoods of many rural communities, so a transition to cultured meat is likely to have deep-seated ethical, environmental, and socio-economic impacts. Within the discourse on cultured meat the voices of farmers are often lost. While not claiming to be representative of all UK farming, this study engaged UK farmer perspectives as a way of starting the substantive process of greater stakeholder inclusion in cultured meat innovation pathways, and which should underpin responsible technology transitions in agriculture.

Manning, L., Dooley, J. J., Dunsford, I., Goodman, M., MacMillan, T., Morgans, L., Rose, D., & Sexton, A. (2023). Threat or opportunity? An analysis of perceptions of cultured meat in the UK farming sector. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1277511/abstract

Abstract:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the acceptance and perception of meat scientists (n = 51) towards cultured meat. As professional experts, the opinion of meat scientists is of paramount importance. This is the first report on the perception of cultured meat using meat scientists as the respondents. The majority of the meat scientists were male (70 %), ate meat at least twice a month (86 %) and preferred red meat (80 %). About 25 % of the respondents supported the development of cultured meat and also chose it as the preferred meat whereas the majority (49 %) preferred conventional meat. While 38 % were willing to try cultured meat at least once, only a small percentage of the respondents agreed to purchase it regularly (6 %), pay a higher price (6 %) and were willing to replace conventional meat with it (6 %). Liking conventional meat (58 %), fear of new untested technological products (21 %) and high cost (19 %) were the main reasons for unwillingness to try cultured meat. The majority agreed that cultured meat is good for the environment (42 %) and animal welfare (42 %) but perceived it as unnatural (46 %) and reducing the natural quality of meat (46 %). The meat scientists believed it does not seem to be healthier than regular meat (44 %) as its benefits are often grossly overstated (61 %), society should not rely on this type of production (76 %) and quick transition can be risky (58 %). The meat scientists agreed that it does not pose a health hazard (34 %) nor does it seem to be harmful to health (38 %) but there is not enough scientific evidence yet to prove its safety (61 %), low carbon footprint (61 %) and is not likely to replace the conventional meat production anytime sooner (52 %). These results about these crucial aspects of cultured meat bear importance for policymakers, researchers and industry.

Choudhary, F., Khandi, S. A., Aadil, R. M., Bekhit, A. E.-D. A., Abdi, G., & Bhat, Z. F. (2023). What do meat scientists think about cultured meat? Applied Food Research, 100360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2023.100360

Abstract:

Plant-based meat analogues (PBMA) may help consumers in shifting towards more plant-based diets, but PBMA are not widely used yet, and little is known about their longer-term acceptance. This study investigated whether consumer acceptance of PBMA changed with repeated home-use, and whether providing recipe suggestions in the form of meal boxes could influence PBMA acceptance. To this end, Dutch regular meat eaters (n = 61) prepared, consumed and evaluated two meals (one from a meal box, one self-created) with PBMA (PB mince and PB chicken, counterbalanced across meal types) per week at home for four weeks. As a secondary objective, potential longer-term effects of repeated home-use of PBMA on meat (analogue) consumption habits and attitudes (e.g. motives for choosing PBMA, attitudes toward eating less meat) were assessed in a pre-vs post-intervention survey. Responses were compared with a control group of consumers not participating in the home-use study (n = 179). Results provided no evidence that PBMA liking changed with repeated home-use, nor that the provision of meal boxes increased liking of PBMA. Instead, PBMA liking was strongly influenced by the meal context, which may have overruled potential effects of repeated exposure. Findings from the pre- vs. post-intervention survey suggest that repeated exposure may stimulate longer-term consumption of PBMA, although more seems needed to bring about a structural shift toward a less animal-based consumption pattern. Future research should investigate whether more sophisticated recipes that provide a suitable meal context for PBMA and elevate consumers’ meal experiences may improve PBMA acceptance and facilitate the transition toward more sustainable diets.

van Bergen, G., Neufingerl, N., Meijboom, S., de Rosa Spierings, K., Zandstra, E. H., & Polet, I. (2023). What’s cooking, if not meat? Effects of repeated home-use, recipe inspiration and meal context on perception of plant-based meat analogues. Appetite, 107135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.107135

Abstract:

Introduction: Alternative meats have the potential to shape a sustainable food system. This study examined young consumers’ perceptions of and preferences for plant-based and cultured meats. Since comparative studies on consumer preferences for alternative meats in different key Asian markets remain insufficient, this study was conducted in Japan and China, both of whom have promising alternative meat markets in Asia.

Methods: We conducted a discrete choice experiment and co-occurrence networks among 2006 (n = 887 in Japan and n = 1,119 in China) young consumers. This study adopted a treatment-control design where respondents in the treatment groups received health information on the use of antibiotics in meat production.

Results: Respondents in both countries perceived meat alternatives to be substitutes to conventional meat and associated them with plant-based proteins, processed products, and health benefits. In general, Japanese and Chinese respondents differed in their preferences for burger patties but had similar preferences for other attributes. Respondents in both countries were willing to pay a premium for “antibiotic-free,” “traceable,” and low carbon footprint labeling. This study reveals the heterogeneity of consumer preferences and the complexity of the impact of information interventions on consumer preferences.

Discussion: Plant-based meat is already available on the market in both countries, whereas cultured meat is still in the research and development stage. Hence, young consumers were more familiar with plant-based meat than cultured meat. It is worth noting that young Japanese consumers preferred cultured meat to conventional meat. This is attributed to the concerns about food security and food animal welfare. Furthermore, this study found that information intervention can induce and direct respondents’ attention to an aspect of alternative meats that is negatively perceived. Based on the findings, this study has three implications for promoting alternative meat products: marketing messaging, food labeling, and product development.

Huang, S., & Uehara, T. (2023). Young consumers’ perceptions of and preferences for alternative meats: An empirical study in Japan and China. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1290131

Abstract:

This quantitative study analyzed determinants of human and animal wellbeing in Nigeria and explored correlations between associated factors. Statistical analysis of secondary data on 30 variables related to healthcare, income, education, safety, animal health, welfare policies, and environmental conditions revealed positive correlations between human life expectancy and healthcare access, income, employment, and safety. Animal health positively associated with nutrition. However, animal welfare legislation negatively correlated with human lifespan. While correlational analysis provides valuable insights, limitations include inability to determine causation and capture temporal dynamics. Findings emphasize the need for integrated policies that holistically address socioeconomic, cultural, and policy dimensions shaping human-animal relations in Nigeria. Further research can build on this empirical foundation to inform synergistic approaches to optimizing wellbeing.

Gbadegesin Adetayo Taiwo (2023). A competitive analysis of human and animal well-being in Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 10(2), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.10.2.0937

Abstract:

In the absence of a conferred competence in animal welfare, harmonised EU welfare standards for animals in agriculture have been adopted on the legal basis for EU agriculture policy, and a tension exists between animals as products in agriculture and animals as sentient beings. Minimum welfare norms exist for laying hens, chickens, rearing calves and pigs, at slaughter and during transportation, with a generic farm directive, and the EU cooperates with the WOAH to adopt recommendations in animal welfare for terrestrial animals, in the context of agricultural trade. WOAH welfare standards prioritise the use of science-based, animal-based outcome measures. EU welfare standards, also based on science, require the input of resources to sustain the environmental and management conditions in which farm animal are raised, with welfare consequently monitored using animal-based outcome measures. Science and values are necessary to legitimise animal welfare standards, recognised by the CJEU sitting in Grand Chamber read in the light of Article 13 TFEU.

Ryland, D. (2023). Animal welfare in EU agriculture. In Animal Welfare Governance in EU Agriculture: Hybrid Standards, Trade and Values in the Agri-Food Chain (pp. 19–64). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803923482.00008

Abstract:

Objective measures of animal emotion-like and mood-like states are essential for preclinical studies of affective disorders and for assessing the welfare of laboratory and other animals. However, the development and validation of measures of these affective states poses a challenge partly because the relationships between affect and its behavioural, physiological and cognitive signatures are complex. Here, we suggest that the crisp characterisations offered by computational modelling of the underlying, but unobservable, processes that mediate these signatures should provide better insights. Although this computational psychiatry approach has been widely used in human research in both health and disease, translational computational psychiatry studies remain few and far between. We explain how building computational models with data from animal studies could play a pivotal role in furthering our understanding of the aetiology of affective disorders, associated affective states and the likely underlying cognitive processes involved. We end by outlining the basic steps involved in a simple computational analysis.

Neville, V., Mendl, M., Paul, E. S., Seriès, P., & Dayan, P. (2023). A primer on the use of computational modelling to investigate affective states, affective disorders and animal welfare in non-human animals. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-023-01137-w

Abstract:

Nearly 5 billion farm animals, including waterfowl, cattle, sheep, goats, and alpacas, are being affected by the fashion industry. There is an urgent need for a system that evaluates their welfare. The rise in public interest on the topic of animal welfare is leading to the creation of different textile standards or certification schemes, which can give us an overview of the general state of expectations in terms of animal welfare within the textile industry. We therefore created a risk assessment tool and applied it to 17 different textile standards. Our results showed that only one of the standards reached a score in the “Acceptable” animal welfare risk category, and the rest of the standards had even lower scores of risks for animal welfare. In general, industry standards have not demanded sufficient requirements for higher levels of animal welfare. While the current risk assessment gave us a good idea of what is considered acceptable within the industry, it is also not necessarily representative of the risks for the majority of farm animals that are part of the textile industry. Only a small number of animal-derived materials are certified with some form of animal welfare standards, even though these standards can play an important role in improving the standard of care for animals. To evaluate the actual welfare states of the animals in fibre production, further research is needed to apply the proposed tool to actual farms.

Salobir, K., Kirchner, M. K., & Haager, D. (2023). Assessing animal welfare risk in fibre-producing animals by applying the five domains framework. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 13(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233696

Abstract:

Eurogroup for Animals commissioned Human Behaviour Change for Life (HBCL) to write this report: ‘Business case: the benefits of a carcass over a live animal trade’.

This document considers the business case for a change to the export of carcass meat instead of live animals from the European Union (EU) to third countries. It includes the current economic, environmental, and societal challenges and opportunities that these different approaches present.

The research provides a unique insight into the costs of the trade through the development and use of innovative modelling, frameworks, case studies and evidence-based approaches. It enables the consideration of how a move from live animal export towards a meat and carcass trade could be advantageous for the agricultural sector, the environment, and wider society.

Human Behaviour Change for Life (2023). Business case: The benefits of a carcass over a live animal trade. Eurogroup for Animals. https://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/library/business-case-benefits-carcass-over-live-animal-trade

Abstract:

The EU cannot act alone to improve the welfare needs of animals in EU agriculture and in respect of imported produce; the resources of both the public and the private spheres of animal welfare standardisation are necessary in a global response, which direction this book has developed. Animal welfare is a moral and ethical concern in need of a regulatory solution which crosses State boundaries and the blurred public/private divide. The public and private trade models cannot go unchallenged; public/private hybridity in standard-setting ought not operate in a vacuum; and potential business-motivated aims of private standard and certification schemes and their private accreditors must be addressed and authentically re-directed. In the proposed ‘regulatory mix’ of hard and soft law, with public and private actors, at multi-levels, this work proposes an overarching soft law hybrid model of transnational animal welfare governance, and endeavours in the process to contribute to effective global animal law.

Ryland, D. (2023). Conclusion to animal welfare governance in EU agriculture: A contribution to global animal law. In Animal Welfare Governance in EU Agriculture: Hybrid Standards, Trade and Values in the Agri-Food Chain (pp. 246–250). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803923482.00014

Abstract:

The consumption patterns of university students hold the power to significantly influence market trends. This study illuminates the escalating emphasis on animal welfare in these students’ purchasing choices, specifically concerning milk products. Utilizing a discrete choice experiment, we identified a pronounced preference among students for milk products with animal welfare certifications. Students were segmented into three categories based on their motivations: “Quality–Oriented” (20.55%), “Emotionally Intuitive” (30.67%), and “Quality–Emotion Balanced” (48.77%). The “Emotionally Intuitive” group manifested the most robust inclination toward such certifications. Based on these findings, we recommend tailored market strategies targeting these distinct segments. Moreover, our findings emphasize the importance of intensifying animal welfare education, shaping a market aligned with animal welfare principles, and fostering a broader societal environment attuned to animal welfare.

Liang, Y., Chen, R., Liu, H., Han, L., & Yin, S. (2023). Glimpsing the future of animal welfare through a bottle of milk: Insights from Chinese University students. Foods, 12(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12214044

Abstract:

In addition to the information on the possession of a certificate of competence, there are no concrete obligations for repetitive training for personnel handling live animals at transport and slaughter. Deficiencies in the animal-welfare-friendly handling of pigs are known. The developed pilot modules “Handling of pigs” and “Electrical stunning” were tested in a pretest–posttest study in German and Romanian using questions of knowledge before and after the implementation of the modules. In this study, 45 and 46 datasets of participants could be analyzed. The mean percentages of correctly answered questions in the posttest increased by 5.6% in the module “Handling of pigs” and by 10.6% in the module “Electrical stunning”. A significant interaction was found for the language match and trend categories in the module “Handling of pigs”. No Romanian native speaker had a positive trend in this module. For both modules separately, participant education level significantly interacted with the language match and the presence or absence of a certificate of competence. Comparing the percentages of the correct given answers, significant interactions in the subgroups were more common in the module “Electrical stunning”. One question in “Electrical stunning” was correctly answered significantly more often in the posttest. Because of the positive mean trends of knowledge within this pre-evaluation, we assume the didactical concept was suitable for our target groups. Holders of a certificate of competence also gave more correct answers in the post-test. This underlines the importance of repetitive training. Differences in the trends of knowledge gain seem to be topic and experience related.

Isbrandt, R., Langkabel, N., Doherr, M. G., Haase, S., & Meemken, D. (2023). Innovative e-learning training modules to improve animal welfare during transport and slaughter of pigs: A pretest-posttest study to pre-evaluate the general didactical concept. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 13(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233593

Abstract:

In the future, when we compare the welfare of a being of one substrate (say, a human) with the welfare of another (say, an artificial intelligence system), we will be making an intersubstrate welfare comparison. In this paper, we argue that intersubstrate welfare comparisons are important, difficult, and potentially tractable. The world might soon contain a vast number of sentient or otherwise significant beings of different substrates, and moral agents will need to be able to compare their welfare levels. However, this work will be difficult, because we lack the same kinds of commonalities across substrates that we have within them. Fortunately, we might be able to make at least some intersubstrate welfare comparisons responsibly in spite of these issues. We make the case for cautious optimism and call for more research.

Fischer, B., & Sebo, J. (2023). Intersubstrate welfare comparisons: Important, difficult, and potentially tractable. Utilitas, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953820823000286

Abstract:

n/a

Flores, C. (2023). Post-Brexit trade deals and low welfare imports: An urgent cautionary warning for the UK. Bryant Research. https://bryantresearch.co.uk/insight-items/low-welfare-imports/

Abstract:

The motivation is uncertain for the growth of private farm assurance schemes and their role in the agri-food chain. Private animal welfare standards may upset the balance achieved in the public norms which cater for animal welfare and the interests in trade and market access of producers in developing and developed countries. Further, it should be contemplated whether the scheme-holders ought to be accountable, and private farm assurance standards transparent, to the consumer. Recognising the private commercial nature of farm assurance schemes the EU adopted procedural operating guidelines, and uncertainties are documented as to the application of the legal rules of the WTO SPS and TBT Agreements to private standards and private standard schemes. The WOAH has taken steps to alleviate the capacity for private standards to undermine the animal welfare standards in the TAHC. Yet there are, perceivably, opportunities presented by private animal welfare standards with positive prospects for stakeholders in the agri-food chain.

Ryland, D. (2023). Private animal welfare standards: Motivation and effect. In Animal Welfare Governance in EU Agriculture: Hybrid Standards, Trade and Values in the Agri-Food Chain (pp. 139–162). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803923482.00011

Abstract:

On the symbolic day of 4 October 2022, the results of a fitness check of European Union animal welfare legislation were published. This contribution will provide the context to, and insights on, this fitness check report. It will give an overview of the different benchmark criteria and the accompanying results as well of the main key findings. In concluding, future prospects will be explored briefly and potential next steps discussed.

Verniers, E. (2023). Survival of the (un)fittest: European Union animal welfare legislation. ERA Forum, 24(3), 449–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-023-00771-8

Abstract:

As livestock production grows to satisfy the global demand for animal products, understanding public attitudes towards different husbandry systems becomes essential for both animal welfare and socio-economic reasons. This study aimed to investigate people’s emotional responses toward pictures of farm animals kept in intensive and extensive husbandry systems, their perception of animal welfare, and their choices as animal product consumers. A questionnaire that included demographic questions and photos of cows, pigs, chickens, and rabbits in both intensive and extensive systems was distributed electronically and physically and completed by 835 respondents. Photos of animals in intensive systems elicited more negative emotions, especially for pigs and rabbits (p < 0.05), as opposed to extensive systems, which elicited more positive emotions, especially for chickens (p < 0.001). Higher welfare levels were perceived for extensively farmed animals (p < 0.001) and for cattle compared to all other species, regardless of the husbandry system (p < 0.001). The quality of the emotional response was positively associated with welfare perception (p < 0.001) and negatively associated with the importance given to welfare when purchasing animal products (p < 0.001). Finally, the emotional response was found to be affected by gender, education, household composition, living area, pet ownership, and eating habits. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.

Riggio, G., Angori, E., Menchetti, L., & Diverio, S. (2023). The link between the perception of animal welfare and the emotional response to pictures of farm animals kept in intensive and extensive husbandry systems: An Italian survey. Veterinary Sciences, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10110652

Abstract:

In Mexico, there are no official public and reliably reported data on the total number and species of non-human animals used for scientific purposes. The aim of the current study was to calculate the total numbers of animals used for scientific and educational purposes in Mexico, from January 2015 to October 2021, based on data requested from the National Institute of Transparency, Access to Information and Protection of Personal Data (INAI, in Spanish). In this period, authorised laboratory animal facilities reported the use of 5,437,263 animals for scientific and educational purposes. However, these data should be viewed with caution, since there is no official register of all Mexican institutions that use animals for these purposes. The use of various species of different taxonomic groups was reported, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. The main scientific purposes of this animal use were: technological development; innovation; laboratory testing; production of biologicals; quality control; diagnostic purposes; basic and applied research; and education. A robust system for the licensing and approval of animal use, as well as a means to ensure compliance with the relevant regulations, are both urgently required. In addition, in order to regulate animal use, monitor animal care and protect their welfare, the creation of a publicly accessible national database that records the number and species of the animals used is imperative.

Frías-Álvarez, P., & Ortiz-Millán, G. (2023). The numbers of animals used in Mexico for scientific and educational purposes. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : ATLA, 2611929231217033. https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929231217033

Abstract:

Treating animals as sentient beings have been proclaimed as a cornerstone for developing international and regional welfare laws. This position has been used to demonstrate that lawmakers take the care of food-producing animals seriously. It has convinced many States that their legislative standards are high and sufficient. This chapter argues that, in a lot of situations, this is not the case. While some improvements have been made, most measures adopted to protect animal welfare in agriculture remain modest at best. International trade agreements and the desire to produce plentiful supplies of cheap food have supplanted any real attempts to protect even the most basic natural needs of animals. Instead, responsibility has been passed to the initiative of individual actors to enable some standards to evolve. This chapter concludes by contending that this failure will only improve when responsible legislators treat animal health and welfare as separate but equally important interests.

MacMaoláin, C. (2023). Using the law to enhance the welfare of food-producing animals: Recognising sentience, raising standards. In M. T. Roberts (Ed.), Research handbook on international food law (pp. 515–532). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800374676.00042

Abstract:

In Italy, the consumption of pork meat is increasing, despite consumers’ attitudes being addressed toward a greater sensitivity about animal welfare and its link with safe food. Considering the relatively high animal welfare standards and the divergence in public interest in farm animal welfare and ethical issues, the objective of this study—in continuation of our previous paper relating to consumer behavior and preferences in welfare-friendly pork breeding—was to investigate habits of pork consumers regarding pig welfare, principally evaluating their willingness to pay (WTP) a higher price for pork obtained using raising techniques with an approach based on animal welfare. An ad hoc questionnaire-based survey was submitted to consumers (n = 404) in Messina province, Italy. Results suggest that 47% of consumers were willing to pay an additional price for pork from farms that apply specific animal welfare standards. Positive correlations were between WTP and farming techniques (p = 0.001), organic farming methods (p = 0.001), and farms in which animal welfare is taken care of and guaranteed (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that consumers intend to pay a higher price for pork, like other animal products obtained using animal-friendly raising techniques. The sensitivity to the animal welfare of a single human being may influence consumers’ attitudes toward pork consumption.

Giannetto, C., Biondi, V., Previti, A., De Pascale, A., Monti, S., Alibrandi, A., Zirilli, A., Lanfranchi, M., Pugliese, M., & Passantino, A. (2023). Willingness to pay a higher price for pork obtained using animal-friendly raising techniques: A consumers’ opinion survey. Foods, 12(23), 4201. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234201

Abstract:

Fish deformities are detrimental to aquaculture and conservation initiatives; it is also an ethical problem and causes substantial financial losses to the aquaculture industry. The exact mechanism of deformities is still a mystery. Several factors cause deformities in fish; it seems that the deformations are inevitable but can be minimised by adopting good aquaculture practices such as proper broodstock husbandry, standard breeding and larval rearing protocol, management of water quality parameters, and providing nutritionally balanced feed, especially to the broodstock and developing larvae. In addition, it can be minimised by early detection of deformities, especially at the embryonic and larval stages. Monitoring of stocking materials should be an essential part of responsible aquaculture and conservation programmes; stocking materials should be free from any types of deformities as it affects not only aquaculture production, profitability and success of conservation programmes but also the reoccurrence of deformities in nature. The mechanism behind deformities and the development of low-cost, robust methods/tools for detecting deformities in fish remain a challenge. Still, the opportunity exists to develop a robust marker that can predict deformities even at early embryonic and larval stages.

Chandra, G., Saini, V. P., Kumar, S., & Fopp‐Bayat, D. (2023). Deformities in fish: A barrier for responsible aquaculture and sustainable fisheries. Reviews in Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12872

Abstract:

Husbandry procedures can be stressful for captive animals. Knowledge of the physiological effects of these procedures and the reduction of stress during regular maintenance is of pivotal importance to ensure good welfare. Environmental enrichment (EE) can be an asset to animal keepers as it has many benefits on captive animals, including stress reduction in many aquatic species. We studied whether structural enrichment had a positive effect on broodstock gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) during four husbandry procedures. We studied the stress levels of the subjects by measuring their heart rate with an internal bio-logger (DST milli HRT, Star-Oddi) surgically implanted in 18 fish. These fish were distributed in six tanks, three of which had an EE structure consisting of a 1 m2 floating structure with nine suspended organic ropes, while the other three tanks had no enrichment. After five days of post-surgical recovery, we tested feeding, netting, and cleaning every day for three consecutive days, and a formaldehyde bath as a prophylactic procedure on the fourth day on the logger-implanted fish and continued to record their recovery for eight more days. We found EE reduces the stress response generated by husbandry procedures in gilthead seabream breeders by reducing heart rate. Our results show that EE can be used to improve the welfare of farmed fish by reducing their stress and should be employed as a good management practice in fish experimentation and aquaculture production, and is especially relevant for high-value fish that spend long periods in captivity, such as spawners.

Cabrera-Álvarez, M. J., Arechavala-Lopez, P., Mignucci, A., Oliveira, A. R., Soares, F., & Saraiva, J. L. (2023). Environmental enrichment reduces the effects of husbandry stressors in gilthead seabream broodstock. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4646976

Abstract:

Awareness of welfare issues within animal collections is increasing as information becomes more accessible for staff and the public. A knowledge gap remains when considering the welfare of invertebrates, particularly when housed in public aquaria. TripAdvisor comments were analyzed for 485 worldwide aquariums. The public focused on anthropogenic features or charismatic organisms within collections. Invertebrate welfare was only presented in 18% of negative welfare comments compared with the 51% of represented vertebrates and 31% of negative general welfare comments. The UK and USA reported a greater number of perceived invertebrate welfare issues. Greater dissemination of information between aquarists and scientists should be encouraged to drive welfare standards and improve husbandry. In addition, incorporating input from invertebrate aquarists while utilizing welfare toolkits are vital for improving overall standards if we are to have greater representation of invertebrate welfare in public aquaria.

Perkins, K. (2023). Invisible invertebrates: The welfare of invertebrates in public aquaria. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 13(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233620

Abstract:

Stress and elevated plasma cortisol in salmonids have been linked with pathological remodeling of the heart and deterioration of fitness and welfare. However, these associations were based on biomarkers that fail to provide a retrospective view of stress. This study is the first whereby the association of long-term stress, using scale cortisol as a chronic stress biomarker, with cardiac morphology and growth performance of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is made. Growth, heart morphology, plasma and scale cortisol levels, and expression of genes involved in cortisol regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary–interrenal axis of undisturbed fish (control) were compared with those of fish exposed daily to stress for 8 weeks. Though scale cortisol levels showed a time-dependent accumulation in both groups, plasma and scale cortisol levels of stress group fish were 29.1% and 25.0% lower than those of control fish, respectively. These results correlated with the overall upregulation of stress-axis genes involved in the systemic negative feedback of cortisol, and local feedback via 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the stress treatment at the hypothalamus and pituitary level. These lower cortisol levels were, however, counterintuitive in terms of the growth performance as stress group fish grew 33.7% slower than control fish, which probably influenced the 8.4% increase in relative ventricle mass in the stress group. Though compact myocardium area between the treatments was comparable, these parameters showed significant linear correlations with scale cortisol levels, indicating the involvement of chronic stress in cardiac remodeling. These findings underscore the importance of scale cortisol as biomarker when associating chronic stress with long-term processes including cardiac remodeling.

Perkins, K. (2023). Invisible invertebrates: The welfare of invertebrates in public aquaria. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 13(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233620

Abstract:

Adding to research on the form and content of anti-vegan sentiment, recent scholarship has identified a group of individuals who self-subscribe as “anti-vegan”. Here, we sought to determine whether anti-veganism might reflect a distinct dietarian identity with its own unique ideological profile. Two-hundred and fourteen vegans, 732 omnivores, and 222 self-identified “anti-vegans” were assessed using a survey methodology that included the Dietarian Identity Questionnaire and ideological markers related to dark humour, social dominance orientation (SDO), speciesism, male-role norms, moral relativism, and attitudes toward science. Our analysis revealed a dietarian identity unique to anti-vegans. The dietary patterns of anti-vegans were more central to their identity than for omnivores, though marginally lower than vegans. Like vegans, anti-vegans scored highly on dietarian measures of private regard and personal dietary motivations, and lower than omnivores on public regard. The diets of anti-vegans were more morally motivated than omnivores. However, anti-vegans scored higher than both omnivores and vegans on a number of ideological measures including dark humour, SDO, speciesism, male-role norms, moral relativism, and distrust of science. Somewhat surprising, anti-vegans held greater trust than omnivores in the science of plant-based nutrition. We discuss the unique dietarian identities of anti-vegans, considering both intra-group differences of omnivores and anti-vegans (e.g., in right-wing ideology), and inter-group similarities of vegans and anti-vegans (e.g., in diet centrality).

Gregson, R., Piazza, J., & Shaw, H. (2023). Is being anti-vegan a distinct dietarian identity? An investigation with omnivores, vegans, and self-identified “anti-vegans”. Appetite, 107126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.107126

Abstract:

Mitigating emissions from the food system, which constitute about one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, is a vital goal for research and policy. This study empirically tests the effectiveness of different policy interventions to reduce the carbon footprint of food choices on food-delivery apps, using an incentive-compatible online randomised controlled trial with 4,008 participants. The experiment used an interactive web platform that mimics popular online food delivery platforms (such as Uber Eats) and included three treatment conditions: a sign-posted meat tax, a carbon footprint label, and a choice architecture intervention, which changed the order of the menu so that the lowest carbon-impact

restaurants and dishes were presented first. Results show that only the choice architecture nudge significantly reduced the average meal carbon footprint by 0.3 Kg/CO2e per order (12%), driven by a 5.6 percentage point (13%) reduction in high-carbon meal choices. Moreover, we find evidence of significant health and well-being co-benefits. Menu repositioning resulted in the average meal order being of greater nutritional value and containing fewer calories, whilst significantly increasing self-reported satisfaction with the meal choice. Simple back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that menu repositioning would be a highly cost-effective policy instrument if implemented at scale, with the return on investment expected to be in the range of £1.28 to £3.85 per metric ton of avoided CO2 emissions, depending on implementation costs.

Lohmann, P., Gsottbauer, E., & Reisch, L. (2023). An online randomised controlled trial of price and non-price interventions to promote sustainable food choices on food delivery platforms. Preprint. https://pmlohmann.com/uploads/Lohmann_JMP.pdf 

Abstract:

The food we eat plays a large role in greenhouse gas emissions. Climate labeling is one way to increase sustainable food consumption by making consumers mindful of their consumption choices. Many initiatives communicate food’s climate impact; however, it is unclear whether these labels are effective in changing food consumption behavior. Based on a review of climate label research and existing labels, three label designs were created and tested in an experimental online survey with a convenience sample of 249 Austrian residents (63.9% female; 54.2% aged 18–29 years) to determine whether the visual communication of a food product’s climate footprint influences food choices. Compared to no climate impact labels, communicating the climate footprint nudged participants towards climate friendlier food choices in half of the product choice sets (meat, grains, broccoli, and tomatoes). Label designs B and C consistently led to more sustainable choices. Not all labels were equally effective, suggesting that label design is key in stimulating climate-friendlier choices. The design features used to convey climate impact can better help consumers understand the impact of food and make more informed decisions when food shopping, however we find that how these features come together in a label design also play a role. Producers looking to convey their products' impact are advised to not only consider what information they put on their packaging (i.e., climate footprint) but also how this information is presented (i.e., holistic design of climate labels).

Fresacher, M., & Johnson, M. K. P. (2023). Designing climate labels for green food choices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139490

Abstract:

Background and objectives: Dietary changes are necessary to improve population health and meet environmental sustainability targets. The present study aimed to analyse the impact of in-store promotional activities implemented in major UK supermarkets on purchases of healthier and more sustainable foods. Methods: Three natural experiments examined the impact of promotional activities on (a) no-added-sugar (NAS) plant-based milk (in 200 stores over 3 weeks), (b) products targeted during a ‘Veganuary’ event (in 96 stores over 4 weeks), and (c) seasonal fruit (in 100 non-randomised intervention and 100 matched control stores over 16 weeks). Data were provided on store-level product sales, in units sold and monetary value (GBP), aggregated weekly. The predominant socioeconomic position (SEP) of the store population was provided by the retailer. The primary analyses used interrupted time series and multivariable hierarchical mixed-effects models. Results: Sales of both promotion-targeted and overall NAS plant-based milks during the promotional period increased (targeted food: +126 units, 95% CI: 105, 148; overall: +307 units, 95% CI: 264, 349). The increase was greater in stores with predominately low SEP shoppers. During Veganuary, sales increased for plant-based foods on promotion (+60 units, 95% CI: 37, 84), but not for the sales of plant-based foods overall (dairy alternatives: −1131 units, 95% CI: −5821, 3559; meat alternatives: 1403 units, 95% CI: −749, 3554). There was no evidence of a change in the weekly sales of promoted seasonal fruit products (assessed via ratio change in units sold: 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00–0.01), and overall fruit category sales slightly decreased in intervention stores relative to the control (ratio change in units sold: −0.01, 95% CI: −0.01, –0.00). None of the promotional activities resulted in the continued purchase of promoted products after the intervention period was over. Conclusion: Promotional activity (including prominent positioning and price promotions) related to healthier or more sustainable food products can have a short-term impact on what food consumers purchase. But interventions are short-lived and effects on behaviour are not sustained, suggesting these have limited value in the long-term goal to achieve healthier and more sustainable purchasing patterns. Keywords: sustainable diet; promotions; supermarkets; purchases

Luick, M., Bandy, L., Piernas, C., Jebb, S. A., & Pechey, R. (2023). Do promotions of healthier and more sustainable foods increase sales? Findings from three natural experiments in UK supermarkets. The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023, 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091076

Abstract:

Introduction: Dietary choices serve as a vital and ongoing link between environmental sustainability and human health. This study aimed to assess the consumption behavior of people in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) concerning sustainability and determine factors that contribute to sustainable food choices.

Methods: A cross-sectional, web-based study was conducted among adults in the UAE (n = 1,113). Data on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward sustainable food choices, and reasons behind sustainable food choices were collected. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA tests were used to investigate the differences in the level of agreement to nine statements about sustainable food choices among different sociodemographic groups on a scale of 1–5 ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Participants’ responses to open-ended questions were filtered and clustered into eight different categories and presented as counts and percentages.

Results and discussion: Participants agreed on trying new healthy and environmentally friendly foodstuff (3.57 ± 1.04). Females (p = 0.002) and older adults (>50 years; p = 0.001) showed higher agreement with avoiding red meat. Older participants, and those with higher education (p = 0.020 and p < 0.001, respectively) showed higher agreement with favoring plant-based diets. 21.2% reported avoiding red meat and 23.1% preferred a plant-based diet. Of those who favored plant-based food the main reported reason was ‘health and nutritive value’ (66.5%), while of those who avoided red meat, preference was the most reported reason (41.9%). Although the study sample did not greatly adopt sustainable food choices, they leaned toward trying environmentally friendly foods. Females, older adults, and highly educated people aligned themselves with more sustainable food choices. Targeted policies and the integration of sustainability aspects within dietary guidelines to promote healthy, sustainable, and affordable diets are needed.

Cheikh Ismail, L., Hashim, M., Osaili, T. M., Faris, M. E., Naja, F., Radwan, H., Hasan, F., Saleh, S. T., Al Rajaby, R., Al Daour, R., Stojanovska, L., Al Dhaheri, A., Hasan, H. A., & Obaid, R. S. (2023). Exploring sustainable food choices among adults in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1307758/abstract

Abstract:

Achieving ambitious carbon reduction targets requires transformative change to society, with behaviour change playing an important role. Climate change mitigation (‘net zero’) policies are needed to accelerate and support such behaviour change. This study examined factors and framing effects in public support for net zero policies in the United Kingdom (UK), making use of a large probability sample (ntotal = 5,665) survey conducted in August 2021. It found that net zero policies are widely supported, with only taxes on red meat and dairy products being supported by less than half of the UK public. Climate worry and perceived fairness were the strongest and most consistent predictors of policy support for net zero policies. The results further suggest that support for net zero policies can be increased by emphasising the co-benefits of the policies, in particular where they are beneficial for health. However, the framing effects were very small. In contrast, public support for net zero policies is lower when potential lifestyle and financial costs are mentioned. This suggests that perceived fairness of the distribution of costs and lifestyle implications of policies are crucial for building and maintaining support for net zero.

Poortinga, W., Whitmarsh, L., Steentjes, K., Gray, E., Thompson, S., & Brisley, R. (2023). Factors and framing effects in support for net zero policies in the UK. Frontiers in Psychology. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1287188/abstract

Abstract:

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Kuepper, B. (2023). Impacts of a shift to plant proteins: Effects of reduced meat production on GHG emissions, land, and water use. Profundo. https://www.politico.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/02/Benefits-of-a-Plant-Shift-Profundo-study-final-November.pdf

Abstract:

In recent years, there has been a growing argument attributing the primary cause of global climate change to livestock industry, which has led to the perception that the livestock industry is synonymous with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, a closer examination of the global GHG emission by sector reveals that the energy sector responsible for the majority, accounting for 76.2% of the total, while agriculture contributes 11.9%. According to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the total GHG emissions associate with the livestock supply chain amount to 14.5%. Within this, emissions from direct sources, such as enteric fermentation and livestock manure treatment, which are not part of the front and rear industries, represent only 7%. Although it is true that the increase in meat consumption driven by global population growth and rising incomes, has contributed to higher methane (CH4) emissions resulting from enteric fermentation in ruminant animals, categorizing the livestock industry as the primary source of GHG emissions oversimplifies a complex issue and disregards objective data. Therefore, it may be a misleading to solely focus on the livestock sector without addressing the significant emissions from the energy sector, which is the largest contributor to GHG emissions. The top priority should be the objective and accurate measurement of GHG emissions, followed by the development and implementation of suitable reduction policies for each industrial sector with significant GHG emissions contributions.

Hur, S. J., Kim, J. M., Yim, D. G., Yoon, Y., Lee, S. S., & Jo, C. (2023). Impact of livestock industry on climate change: Case study in South Korea. Animal Bioscience. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0256

Abstract:

Manufacturers and retailers are introducing pro-environmental alternatives (such as alternative meat products) to more conventional and less environmentally friendly products in order to encourage sustainable consumption. In this research, we test the impact of product-related environmental information, self-efficacy, power messages, and green consumption values (GCV) on purchase intentions and choice of pro-environmental alternatives. Our findings suggest that the effect of environmental information on purchase intentions for pro-environmental alternatives is stronger for individuals with high self-efficacy. We show that using power messages in marketing communications as an intervention has an effect similar to self-efficacy on purchase intentions toward the alternative. We also show that the power message manipulation interacts with GCV in enhancing perceptions of the individual’s environmental impact, which further influences purchase intentions and choice of the pro-environmental option. This research has implications for the literature on environmental messaging, advertisers, and marketers of sustainable products.

Mannem, A., Heintz Tangari, A., & Baran, M. J. (2023). I’ve got the power: Encouraging pro-environmental behavior through messaging. Journal of Business Research, 168, 114228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114228

Abstract:

This pre-registered study investigated beliefs about climate change, the impact of meat consumption on the environment, and willingness to reduce meat intake in a large community sample of Australian social media users (N = 740). It also conceptually replicates Lea and Worsley’s (2003) study on Australians’ perceptions of the benefits and barriers to a vegetarian diet. Although most participants indicated a belief in climate change, only half agreed that agriculture and animal husbandry are a leading cause of climate change. Participants believed reducing and eliminating meat intake to be some of the least effective actions against climate change, contributing to a low willingness to change meat intake. Compared with Leah and Worsley, a significantly greater proportion of participants agreed with most of the benefits (11 of 15) and barriers (12 of 14) to vegetarianism. Both perceived benefits and barriers to vegetarianism significantly predicted participant meat consumption (red meat, poultry, and seafood). Overall, results indicate an increase in the number of people who are aware that meat-eating has environmental impacts, although they believe its impact to be significantly less than other pro-environmental behaviours (e.g., using public transport, recycling things more, and using more energy from renewable sources).

Rattenbury, A., & Ruby, M. B. (2023). Perceptions of the benefits and barriers to vegetarian diets and the environmental impact of meat-eating. Sustainability, 15(21), 15522. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115522

Abstract:

The modern world faces the challenge of rapid economic/industrial development being based on the irrational use of natural resources. Likewise, the technical‑technological and civilizational progress that humanity has achieved, accompanied by the increase in the human population, has led to environmental damage, affecting climate change, intensifying global warming and causing environmental pollution. There is no doubt that due to socio‑economic, political, health and environmental dimensions of sustainability, these processes are unsustainable in the long term. Moreover, if the world continues to use natural resources in accordance with the existing economic and demographic projections, by 2050, we would need three times the capacity of the Earth in terms of natural resources including energy. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an important policy initiative, based on using clean and innovative technologies in a socially responsible manner that ensures poverty reduction, sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, ensures healthy life, and promotes well‑being as a whole, accompanied by reduction of environmental pollution, proactive approach in the prevention of new sources and types of pollution and the protection of biodiversity. This review examines sustainable development aspects of importance from a One Health perspective, focusing on Serbia.

Milićević, D., Šelmić, R., & Petrović, Z. (2023). The one health concept: A comprehensive approach to the function of a sustainable food system. Meat Technology, 64(2), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.18485/meattech.2023.64.2.44

Abstract:

Food consumption patterns are changing as consumers are becoming more aware and interested in sustainable and ethical food production practices. The growing disconnect between primary (livestock) agriculture and society reinforces the importance of research examining the motivations behind consumer purchase behaviors. However, evidence that links latent consumer psychometric factors and observed heterogeneity in concerns for agriculture to individual food purchase intentions remains scarce. We employ large-scale survey data and an advanced Structural Equation Modelling approach to identify and estimate the direct and indirect effects of latent fundamental values and observed consumer characteristics on individuals’ attitudes and purchase intentions for certified humane (CH), organic, and non-hormone added labeled meat products. Our findings suggest that human values, including self-transcendence and openness to change, drive farm animal welfare concerns and individuals’ choices of certified meat products. Information and engagement in social media positively affect individuals’ perceptions and concerns for farm animal welfare. Individuals guided by altruistic and anti-anthropocentric norms are more oriented towards sustainable and ethical food shopping behaviors.

Anders, S., Malzoni, M., & An, H. (2023). Altruism and anti-anthropocentrism shape individual choice intentions for pro-environmental and ethical meat credence attributes. Plos One, 18(11), e0294531. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294531

Abstract:

Background and objectives: Bolivia has experienced increased meat production and consumption in the past years, particularly due to importance of an emerging market, namely China, and a strong culinary tradition in which meat is the centrepiece of the meals. Bolivian animal protein production system is one of the most inefficient methods used worldwide from an environmental perspective. As climate change accelerates, it is important to identify potential drivers of a dietary shift towards more sustainable foods in countries like Bolivia, which are already facing the consequences of the climate-related disruptions in the food chain and will be further affected in the coming years. A dietary shift toward more plant-based diets seems to be the most sensible societal change to empower individuals to act in response to climate change. Our objective is to explore the effects of intention on dietary shift, as well as attitudes towards social, economic, and environmental sustainability on the perception that plant-based foods facilitate a sustainable healthy dietary transition. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, using online questionnaire filled in by a sample of voluntary respondents. Attitudinal data were obtained via seven-point Likert scales. Linear regression in agreement with the statement “plant-based foods facilitate a sustainable healthy dietary transition” was the dependent variable (mean 5.2 ± 1.7), and the attitudes towards social, economic, and environmental sustainability and intention to undergo a dietary shift were the independent variables; we controlled for sex and age. Data were analysed using SPSS v.28, and a p-value < 0.005 was considered significant. Results: In total, 303 people filled in the questionnaire, of whom 62 did not give consent to use their data, 18 provided straight line answers, and 90 provided inconsistent answers with regard to controlling variables. Therefore, 132 respondents’ responses were used, of whom 59% were women, with an average age of 25 y (±13), and 93% lived in the city of Cochabamba. After controlling for sex and age, significant positive associations were found for the intention to change their current diet and the statement that policies should promote social equity and progressive taxation, while a negative association was found with regard to the perception that policies should prioritise the wellbeing of people and the planet above those of the industry. Conclusion: the perception that plant-based diets can facilitate sustainable healthy dietary transitions in Bolivia mainly depended on how sustainability aspects were assessed by the respondents.

Perez-Cueto, F. J. A., Valda-Romero, R., Garin, J.-P. C., & Magalhães, I. (2023). Can plant-based diets facilitate dietary transition in Bolivia? An exploratory study. The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091006

Abstract:

The environmental gains of dietary change are often assessed in relation to average national diets, overlooking differences in individual consumption habits and preferences. As a result, we ignore the roles and impacts of different consumer groups in a sustainable dietary transition. This study combines micro data on food intake and consumer behaviour to elicit the likely environmental gains of dietary shifts. We focus on the Netherlands owing to the county’s ambition to halve its dietary footprint by 2050. Linking food recall survey data from a cross-section of the population (n=4,313), life cycle inventory analysis for 220 food products, and behavioural survey data (n=1,233), we estimate the dietary footprints of consumer groups across water, land, biodiversity and greenhouse gas footprints. We find that meat and dairy significantly contribute to the dietary greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint (59%), land footprint (55%), and biodiversity footprint (57%) of all consumer groups, and that male consumers impose a 30-32% greater burden than women across these impact areas. Our scenario analysis reveals that simply replacing cow milk with soy milk could reduce the GHG, land and biodiversity footprints of food consumption by ±8% if widely adopted by the Dutch adult population. These impacts could be further reduced by ±20% from a full adoption of a sustainable diet, as recommended by the EAT-Lancet Commission, but would significantly increase the blue water footprint of Dutch food consumption. While the EAT-Lancet recommended diet is preferred in terms of impacts and nutrition, it would necessitate a complete overhaul of individual dietary habits, whereas shifting to soy milk is a simple single product substitution and a more accessible choice for consumers. However, when incorporating gender- and age-specific willingness for meat and dairy consumption reduction, the environmental gains resulting from partial adoption of the EAT diet and No-Milk diet diminish to a mere ±4.5% and ±0.8%, respectively. Consequently, consumer motivation alone is insufficient to realise the significant environmental gains often promised by dietary change. Our findings highlight that specific and targeted policies are needed to overcome the barriers that consumers face to adopting a more sustainable diet.

Payró, C., Taherzadeh, O., van Oorschot, M., Marselis, S., & Koch, J. (2023). Consumer resistance diminishes environmental gains of dietary change. OSF Preprints. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/m98kr

Abstract:

Background: Shifting from diets high in animal-source foods (ASF) towards more plant-based eating patterns can potentially improve the health of people and environment. Reducing, whilst not completely omitting consumption of ASF, in meat and meat-derived products is also referred to as a flexitarian diet. Previous assessments of the prevalence of flexitarian diets have predominantly relied on self-reported measures without objective dietary intake analyses.

Aim: To leverage food purchase patterns to map the share of Swiss households that meet the criteria of a flexitarian diet pattern according to a self-developed classification algorithm.

Method: Analyses were performed using the data of the Swiss Nutrition Atlas (371 Swiss households with a representative proportion of all three language regions, food purchase receipt collection from grocery stores, restaurants and any other source over two weeks). The flexitarian classification algorithm was developed using the Eat-Lancet planetary health diet targets with adaptions to align with the Swiss dietary recommendations. The criteria for a flexitarian diet (2500kcal/day) entailed restriction of meat consumption to a maximum of 300 grams per week (43g/day), while the maximum for fish and seafood intake was set at 200 grams per week (28.6g/day). Flexitarian households which demonstrated additional ASF restrictions for eggs 175 grams per week (25g/day), dairy (625 calcium equivalents/day for age ≥ 18 years), and butter/cream (10g/day) per day were considered “ultra-flexitarian”. Households with complete omissions of meat were classified vegan, ovolactovegetarian, or pescovegetarian. Remaining households were declared omnivorous.

Results: The share of flexitarian households was 18.3%, of which only 25% were considered ultra-flexitarian. The share for ovolactovegetarian and pescovegetarian diets was 7.8 and 2.7% (50% of each group met the planetary health target for all ASF categories). 0.5% were classified vegan. Total fat consumption did not discriminate flexitarian from omnivorous households, but the former showed greater energy shares from protein at the expense of carbohydrates. Recommended dietary fibre target (14g/1000kcal) was not met by any diet group. Salt consumption was highest among omnivorous households, with no differences among other groups.

Conclusions: Less than 20% of Swiss consumers follow a flexitarian diet, and only 5.1% meet additional planetary health targets for all ASF. Despite the flexitarian diet, dietary fibre targets were not achieved, while benefits were seen for salt intake. Apart from underscoring unmet nutritional and sustainability goals, we hereby present the potential of commercial data as novel approach for assessing dietary patterns with greater objectivity and compositional details.

Eggenschwiler, M., Stoll, M., Bally, L., & Linzmajer, M. (2023, November 10). Food consumers’ shift towards more meat-restricted diets: Identifying flexitarians in the Swiss population using food purchase receipts. 1. Swiss Nutrition Research Symposium Sustainable Diet and Metabolic Health. https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/entities/publication/2ce05c8d-bb4a-4bf9-868d-ba835e691c81

Abstract:

Background: The Scottish Government have partially accepted the UK Committee on Climate Change target to reduce meat and dairy consumption by 20% by 2030. We explored meat and dairy intakes in Scotland, determined their nutritional contributions in the diet, and identified food groups contributing to their intake.

Methods: Dietary data were from up to two online 24-hour dietary recalls of adults (≥ 16 years) in the 2021 Scottish Health Survey, a nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional survey conducted between April and December 2021. We examined the contribution of food groups to meat and milk product intake, and the nutritional contributions of meat and milk products to intake of 27 nutrients. Weighted mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) daily intakes were reported per capita, overall, and by demographic subgroups (age, gender, and Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation).

Findings: Of the 4,557 eligible respondents, 3,447 (76%) completed at least one dietary recall and comprised our final sample. Mean daily intakes of total meat and milk products were 80g (95% CI 77-84) and 230g (95% CI 219-240) per capita, respectively. Homemade chicken dishes, beef dishes, and ham sandwiches were the primary contributors to meat intake, together accounting for 57% of meat consumed. Liquid milk accounted for 62% of milk products consumed. Meat products were an important source of selenium and zinc (accounting for 26% and 25% of intake, respectively), while milk products were an important source of calcium (34%), iodine (38%), and vitamin A (25%).

Interpretation: Meat and milk product consumption in Scotland is high. A number of food groups contributed to their intake, providing several opportunities to target for a reduction in line with climate change ambitions. However, careful attention is required for replacements to ensure Scottish diets are nutritionally adequate.

Stewart, C., McNeill, G., Runions, R., Comrie, F., McDonald, A., & Jaacks, P. L. M. (2023). Meat and milk product consumption in Scottish adults: Insights from a national survey. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4628199

Abstract:

The potential environmental and nutritional benefits of plant-based dietary shifts require thorough investigation to outline suitable routes to achieve these benefits. Whereas dietary consumption is usually in composite forms, sustainable healthy diet assessments have not adequately addressed composite diets. In this study, we build on available data in the Food4HealthyLife calculator to develop 3 dietary concepts (M) containing 24 model composite diet scenarios (S) assessed for their environmental and nutritional performances. The Health Nutritional Index (HENI) and Food Compass scoring systems were used for nutritional quality profiling and estimates of environmental impact were derived from previously reported midpoint impact values for foods listed in the What We Eat in America database. The diets were ranked using the Kruskal‒Wallis nonparametric test, and a dual-scale data chart was employed for a trade-off analysis to identify the optimal composite diet scenario. The results showcased a distinct variation in ranks for each scenario on the environment and nutrition scales, describing an inherent nonlinear relationship between environmental and nutritional performances. However, trade-off analysis revealed a diet with 10% legumes, 0.11% red meat, 0.28% processed meat and 2.81% white meat could reduce global warming by 54.72% while yielding a diet quality of 74.13 on the Food Compass Scoring system. These observations provide an interesting forecast of the benefits of transitioning to an optimal plant- and animal-based dieting pattern, which advances global nutritional needs and environmental stewardship among consumers.

Aidoo, R., Abe-Inge, V., Kwofie, E. M., Baum, J. I., & Kubow, S. (2023). Sustainable healthy diet modeling for a plant-based dietary transitioning in the United States. Npj Science of Food, 7(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-023-00239-6

Abstract:

This study examined how the level of meat consumption was related to two psychological factors, selfishness and animal-oriented empathy, and three motivations related to animal, health, and environmental issues. A sample of Australian adults between 18 and 80 (N = 497) was surveyed online via the Zoho Survey platform. Structural equation modelling was applied to the data, and the resulting models revealed that higher selfishness and lower empathy were associated with higher meat consumption for males but there was no association between psychological factors and meat consumption for females. All three motivations were associated with both higher empathy and selfishness for males. For females, higher empathy was associated with higher health and animal motivations, while higher selfishness was associated with higher environmental motivation. Lastly, none of the three motivations were related to meat consumption for either gender. Thus, the results only partially supported the hypotheses that selfishness and empathy would influence meat consumption and motivations. Nevertheless, this study contributes to research on personality factors in relation to meat consumption and the link between masculinity and meat consumption.

Dillon-Murray, A., Ward, A., & Soar, J. (2024). The association between selfishness, animal-oriented empathy, three meat reduction motivations (animal, health, and environment), gender, and meat consumption. Food Ethics, 9(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41055-023-00135-5

Abstract:

Meat overconsumption has increased significantly over the last few years. However, it has detrimental consequences for the environment, human health, and the well-being of animals. To address these issues, research that delves into the motivations behind reducing meat consumption is essential. Recent studies have revealed that food is acquiring symbolic value, making it even more crucial to explore this area. Thus, a new construct called Psychological Food Involvement (PFI) has been developed and validated to map the symbolic value people attribute to food. Although previous research has demonstrated that PFI predicts sustainable consumption behaviours, there is a lack of studies investigating its association with the intention to reduce meat consumption. To bridge this gap, the current study collected data by administering a questionnaire to 1007 participants, representative of the Italian population, with considerations for sex, age, profession, center size, and geographical area using stratified sampling. Employing descriptive statistics and a hierarchical regression model that accounted for socio-demographic and attitudinal variables, such as concerns for personal health, the environment, and animal welfare, the results revealed that PFI plays a pivotal role in understanding the intention to reduce meat consumption. Consumers who use food to control their public image and create a positive impression on others are more inclined to reduce their meat intake. On the other hand, those who utilize food to strengthen social bonds and achieve positive emotions are less likely to cut down on meat consumption. This study emphasizes the importance of considering cultural, social, and personal values associated with meat consumption while formulating future dietary recommendations and conducting research to foster healthy and sustainable eating habits.

Castellini, G., Savarese, M., & Graffigna, G. (2023). The role of psychological food involvement in explaining the intention to reduce meat consumption. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 92, 102176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102176

Abstract:

More and more people are opting for a vegetarian diet, and therefore, the demand for plant-based meat (PBM) has increased significantly. The growth of PBM has not been driven solely by consumers, who give up meat completely, but is mainly seen in the large and relevant economic group of ‘Flexitarians’. Since this group does not have a clear and widely adopted dietary and sociodemographic profile, it remains unclear who these flexitarians are and how best to communicate with them. The purpose of our study was therefore to develop a new segmentation that allows precise communication with German consumers of PBM that can serve as an alternative to dietary self-assessment. The results show that this segmentation identified four consumer clusters, each with its own distinctive motive and information behaviour.

Hellstern, L., Gebhardt, B., & Nachtsheim, R. (2024). Who are the flexitarians? Improved segmentation of plant-based meat consumers in Germany. In G. Bertella & C. Santini (Eds.), Plant-Based Food Consumption: Products, Consumers and Strategies (pp. 179–201). Woodhead Publishing. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B978032398828500005X

Abstract:

The school meal system could contribute to the transition towards more sustainable food system by promoting plant-based meals. Knowing whether parents want more vegetarian school meals for their children is a prerequisite for a successful implementation. The present study aimed to estimate the proportion of parents who would opt for more vegetarian school meals for their children and to study associations of willingness with family characteristics and food choice motives. An online survey was sent to parents whose children are registered for school canteen in Dijon (France). We collected child-level information, data on family sociodemographic characteristics, and data on dietary habits and food choice motives of the family. We examined family characteristics associated with the willingness to increase the frequency of vegetarian school meals from one meal per week to two or daily. Generalized linear models were performed. In total, 49% of parents were willing to opt for a second weekly vegetarian meal and 26% for a daily vegetarian meal for their children (n = 1261). Parents willing to opt for more vegetarian meal were more likely to have higher education, be flexitarian or vegetarian and to currently opt for pork-free meals for their children, and their children attended the school canteen less frequently. Environmental motives were positively associated with the willing to opt for a second weekly vegetarian meal; familiarity and sensory appeal motives were negatively associated. Health and animal welfare motives were positively associated with the willing to opt for a daily vegetarian meal and sensory appeal was negatively associated. Increasing the frequency of vegetarian school meals would satisfy a demand expressed by parents but must be accompanied by interventions enhancing pleasure of eating vegetarian meals.

Dahmani, J., Nicklaus, S., & Marty, L. (2023). Willingness for more vegetarian meals in school canteens: Associations with family characteristics and parents’ food choice motives in a French community. Appetite, 107134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.107134

Abstract:

In this study, we investigated whether the perception of animal experience capacities, enabling individuals to recognize animals as moral patients, decreases instrumental violence against animals. Additionally, we aimed to distinguish this effect from the influence of perceptions of agency capacities, referred to as anthropomorphization. To achieve this, we conducted an online experimental study (N = 471, 54% women). Participants performed a manipulation task that increased their perception of the experience dimension of the animal mind and completed online questionnaires as part of a manipulation check to measure acceptance and intentions of instrumental violence against animals. Regression and mediation analyses revealed that increasing perception of the experience dimension of animal mind decreases instrumental violence against animals, particularly intentions to commit such violence, and this effect is unique and distinct from the effect of perception of the agency dimension, i.e., anthropomorphization. The key capacities in lowering violence were homeostatic emotions (pain, fear, hunger, and thirst) which indicate suffering that humans would want animals to avoid. However, when people perceive homeostatic emotions, increased perception of more complex capacities (anger, joy, pleasure, personality) and anthropomorphization do not result in an additional reduction in violence. We interpret these results to mean that people limit violence by using perception of animal experience capacities as pre-violation justification. These findings expand our knowledge about the functions of perception of experience capacities and demonstrate that people diminish animal experience capacities not only to rationalize violence but also as pre-violation justification to facilitate instrumental violence against animals.

Potocka, A., & Bielecki, M. (2023). Increased perception of the experience dimension of the animal mind reduces instrumental violence against animals. Plos One, 18(11), e0295085. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295085

Abstract:

Background

The assessment of dietary intakes and habits using reliable and youth-specific measurement tools during adolescence is essential. The aim of the present study was to culturally adapt and investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the food preferences questionnaire (Persian - FPQ) among Iranian adolescents.

Methods

This methodological cross-sectional study was conducted among 452 Persian-speaking adolescents, living in Isfahan, Iran. Translation of the FPQ was performed using forward-backward method. Intra Class Correlation (ICC) and Cronbach’s α were used to assess test-retest reliability and internal consistency, respectively. Construct validity was investigated by using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Divergent validity was determined using correlation analysis with Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10). Known-group validity was assessed based on differences in mean food preference score between boys and girls and different categories of body mass index (BMI).

Results

The internal and external reliabilities for the Persian-FPQ were in the range of good to excellent in all domains (Cronbach’s α: 0.76–0.96 and ICCs: 0.982–0.998). Boys had higher scores of food preferences than girls, indicating good known-group validity. Construct validity evaluated by EFA led to extraction of seven factors (“Vegetables”, “Fruit”, “Dairy”, “Snacks”, “Meat/Fish”, “Starches” and “Miscellaneous foods”), explaining 37.8% of the variance. Divergent validity revealed significant negative correlations between five sub-scales of the Persian-FPQ and psychological distress.

Conclusion

The Persian version of the FPQ is a reliable and valid instrument with applicability in a broad range of the population of Persian-speaking adolescents for assessing food preferences in community-based research projects.

Heidari, Z., Feizi, A., & Haghighatdoost, F. (2023). Persian version of food preferences questionnaire (Persian - FPQ): A psychometric study among Iranian adolescents. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477600/v1

Abstract:

Over-consumption of red meat has significant impacts on public health and the environment. To achieve a planetary health diet, consumption of red meat must be reduced across the developed world. However, policy action on this issue has been lacking and there is insufficient research exploring how to overcome barriers to reducing red meat consumption. Using the ‘three I’s’ policy change framework based around ideas, interests, and institutions and their influence on policy outcomes, this article will consider how the passage and success of Australia’s tobacco control regime could provide lessons for achieving reductions in Australian red meat consumption. Drawing on stakeholder analysis through semi-structured interviews, this analysis demonstrates the explanatory power of the ‘three I’s’ framework and highlights the essential roles of awareness-raising, cohesive policy networks, and a gradual increase in interventionism for achieving transformative changes in consumption behaviour. It also demonstrates the scale of barriers for policies aimed at reducing red meat over-consumption, and the potential policy windows that are opening due to a shift in meat consumption patterns.

Bless, A. (2023). Learning from the success of tobacco control: How to leverage ideas, interests, and institutions to reduce red meat consumption. Frontiers in Sustainability. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsus.2023.1304179/abstract

Abstract:

A diet enthused by plant-based foods is becoming increasingly popular as alternative food in sustainable and healthy food systems. The plant-based diet is highly recommended for human and planetary health benefits, and it is recognised as a sustainable diet. However, a review of the literature shows that the introduction of a plant-based diet experience has a mix of positive and negative responses. To investigate the acceptance among the younger generation, our study examines the growing trend in schools to introduce plant-based diets and initiatives to shift the students’ food choices towards meat-free food and climate-friendly diet. Successful nurture and implementation of plant-based eating habits among school students would need to be strategically planned with respect to theory, practice, and policy. The outcomes of the study provide insights into the attributes required to promote plant-based diets among school students for attaining sustainable healthy eating behaviour.

Marimuthu, M. (2023). Plant-based lunch in school. In Eating Together in the Twenty-first Century: Social Challenges, Community Values, Individual Wellbeing (pp. 99–112). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003373896-11

Abstract:

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Changing Markets Foundation. (2023). Truth, lies and culture wars: Social listening analysis of meat and dairy persuasion narratives. Changing Markets Foundation. https://euagenda.eu/publications/truth-lies-and-culture-wars-social-listening-analysis-of-meat-and-dairy-persuasion-narratives

Abstract:

A shift in dietary habits will be required to meet global climate targets. However, from a social dilemma perspective, major voluntary shifts in diet patterns are unlikely. Hence, government interventions are called for. This may be a perilous political endeavor, since food habits and choices are assumed to be personal and contentious matters and any food regulation policy risks stepping over the line for what people accept, risking policy legitimacy. In order to construct feasible policy measures, it is therefore important to gain knowledge of the prerequisites for support of climate food regulations and to understand why people accept or oppose regulations. The aim of this paper is to do so by analyzing the public debate concerning meat-free days in school canteens and a tax on meat in two public online social forums in Sweden. We seek to 1) map the arguments supporting (non)acceptability of the two food consumption regulation issues and 2) analyze what policy-specific and factual beliefs are reflected in the arguments and then detangle their meaning and content as revealed in the arguments. We find that policy-specific beliefs around freedom, fairness, and effectiveness are commonly used in support of or objection to these policies, but to different degrees, and often linked to factual beliefs about consequences for health or disadvantaged social groups. We conclude that the general reluctance of policy makers to interfere with what people eat is not necessarily well founded, and that better policy design, framing, and communication have the potential to increase policy support.

Bendz, A., Bäckstedt, F., Harring, N., & Martin Persson, U. (2023). Why do people accept or reject climate policies targeting food consumption? Unpacking justifications in the public debate in online social forums. Food Policy, 121, 102544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102544

Abstract:

We have a responsibility to care for the animals in our care and to provide them with the conditions necessary for their welfare. Animal welfare is also important for agricultural productivity, as higher-welfare conditions typically means mortality is lower. This can help alleviate food scarcity. Human and environmental health can also benefit from higher animal welfare. In this report, we focus on animal welfare in Zimbabwe. We have identified four high-priority opportunities for improving animal welfare:

• Including fish welfare in the aquaculture law

• Preventing industrialised animal farming 

• Umbrella animal welfare legislation

• Expanding plant-based outreach

All of these priorities appear to be very strong - even in the face of uncertainty, we would expect each of these priorities to be capable of improving the lives of millions of farmed animals. These priorities can be selected and adapted based on on-the-ground conditions, which could include existing welfare conditions, the policy landscape, and stakeholder views. We have illustrated how an ask could be chosen based on the policy landscape and stakeholder views - see the below flowchart. We have also identified a number of smaller opportunities: improving chicken welfare; reducing tick-borne diseases in cattle; and improving pig welfare.

Animal Ask. (2023). Animal advocacy in Zimbabwe. Animal Ask. https://www.animalask.org/post/farmed-animal-advocacy-in-zimbabwe

Abstract:

In July 2023, the Animal Advocacy Strategy Forum1 was held over three days with the purpose of bringing together key decision-makers in the animal advocacy community to connect, coordinate, and strategize. At the end of the forum, 35/44 participants filled out a survey similar to last year’s Forum survey (Duffy 2023) that sought to better understand the future needs of effective animal advocacy groups and the perceptions of animal advocates about the most important areas to focus on in the future.

The attendees represented approximately 27 key groups in the animal advocacy space. 23/35 survey participants were in senior leadership positions at their organization (C-level, founder, and various “Executive” and “Director” roles).

This report summarizes the results of that survey and workshops of the forum itself. A copy of the full report is available to animal advocates upon request. Please email neil@rethinkpriorities.org.

Dullaghan, N. (2023). Animal Advocacy Strategy Forum 2023 summary. Rethink Priorities. https://rethinkpriorities.org/publications/animal-advocacy-strategy-forum-2023-summary

Abstract:

Veganism is growing and more people are adhering to their vegan lifestyle while travelling. However, there is a lack of research that investigates vegan tourism in terms of destination development. Hence, this study examines the development of a destination as vegan-friendly under two research questions: (1) what are the aspects of a vegan-friendly destination, and (2) how it is developed. The research examines the specific case of Didim, Turkey, which declared itself vegan-friendly in 2017. Online and on-site interviews are conducted with tourism professionals, local business owners, volunteers from NGOs, and residents. The research sheds light into how the development process of Didim as vegan-friendly occurred. The findings also reveal the aspects of a vegan-friendly destination, including adherence to the vegan philosophy, availability a vegan cuisine, addressed needs of vegan visitors, abolition or reduction of animal exploitation, complementary social interactions and a favourable attitude of the local population.

Başol, C. İ., & Alvarez, M. D. (2023). Development of a vegan-friendly destination: The case of Didim. Tourism Planning & Development, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2023.2276217

Abstract:

Vegetarianism can meet healthy, ethical, or ecological values (such as equality and protection of animals or the environment). At the same time, it can represent a response to the need for self-determination in adolescence. Furthermore, some studies show vegetarians have greater depressive risk and a lower sense of body satisfaction. Considering the spread of non-meat diets in the Western world, researchers have investigated the benefits and risks to physical and psychological health. Despite this, few studies have been conducted on factors influencing adolescent’s vegetarian diet-related attitudes. Through self-administered loosely structured interviews, this research investigated factors potentially associated with vegetarian choices in adolescence. It checked (a) gender differences in vegetarian choices; (b) religious, familial, ethical, or health factors implied in vegetarian choices; and (c) indicators of well-being among young vegetarians. The findings suggest that for our sample, non-vegetarians have lower scores on health-related questions than others, while for vegetarian adolescents, the benefits of vegetarianism mainly depend on their ethical stances, beliefs, and values. Conversely, it is unrelated to factors such as the desire to lose weight, dissatisfaction about one’s body shape, or depressive feelings.

Benedetto, L., Sabato, I., Costanza, C., Gagliano, A., Germanò, E., Vetri, L., Roccella, M., Parisi, L., Scaffidi Abbate, C., & Ingrassia, M. (2023). Diet-related attitudes, beliefs, and well-being in adolescents with a vegetarian lifestyle. Healthcare (Basel), 11(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212885

Abstract:

Unhealthy dietary patterns are directly linked to the current Global Syndemic consisting of non-communicable diseases, undernutrition and climate change. The dietary shift towards healthier and more sustainable plant-based diets is essential. However, plant-based diets have wide intra differences; varying from vegan diets that totally exclude meat and animal products to traditional ones such as the Mediterranean diet and the new Nordic diet. It is acknowledged that plant-based diets may contribute simultaneously to improving population health as well as to decreasing the environmental impact of food systems. Evidence from cohort and randomized-controlled trials suggests that plant-based dietary patterns have beneficial effects on bodyweight control, cardiovascular health and diabetes prevention and treatment. On the other hand, micronutrient requirements may not be met, if some plant-based diets are not well-planned. Additionally, studies showed that lower consumption of meat and animal products results in lower environmental impacts. Consequently, plant-based diets could be a key factor to increase diet sustainability. This narrative review addresses the advantages of adherence to plant-based diets on human and planetary health considering strains and barriers to achieve this dietary transition, including cultural acceptability and affordability factors. Finally, potential intervention and policy recommendations are proposed, focusing on the update of current national food-based dietary guidelines.

Viroli, G., Kalmpourtzidou, A., & Cena, H. (2023). Exploring benefits and barriers of plant-based diets: Health, environmental impact, food accessibility and acceptability. Nutrients, 15(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224723

Abstract:

Each month, our Faunalytics Index provides a round-up of data, statistics, and facts gleaned from the most recent research we’ve covered in our library. Our aim is to give you a quick overview of some of the most eye-catching and informative bits of data that could help you be more effective in your advocacy for animals.

If you want to know more about any given statistic, follow the links below, read the source articles, and dive deeper into the issues.

Orzechowski, K. (2023). Faunalytics Index – November 2023. Faunalytics. ​​https://faunalytics.org/faunalytics-index-november-2023/

Abstract:

Diets based on animal products are costly to our health and the planet and often inflict suffering on animals. In this study, we aimed to elicit animal advocacy among omnivores using the identifiable victim effect, a well-documented phenomenon in which presenting an identifiable victim, compared to anonymous or statistical victims, evokes greater caring and helping behavior. We explored whether this finding extends to farm animal victims, and particularly among omnivores who may have a material interest in the outcome (i.e., the slaughter of farm animals)., Consequently, due to their dietary lifestyle and consumer support of the meat industry, they may be perceived as complicit in the victimization. In Experiment 1, omnivore participants indicated a greater likelihood to sign and share a petition to save an identified runaway calf (presented with a name and a picture) from slaughter than several unidentified runaway calves. In Experiment 2, we extended these findings to actual petition signing, along with reporting support of the petition. In Experiment 3, we further replicated the identifiability effect using real donations to save the runaway calf (calves) from slaughter and demonstrated it is limited to a single-identified victim. Additionally, we found that feelings of sympathy (Experiment 1) and ambivalence towards meat (Experiment 3) mediated the effect, whereas concern, empathy, identification with animals (Experiment 2), and ecological identity (Experiment 3) moderated it. Omnivores who scored high in concern and ecological identity, and low in empathy and identification with animals were more susceptible to the effect. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Cohen Ben-Arye, R., & Halali, E. (2024). Giving farm animals a name and a face: Eliciting animal advocacy among omnivores using the identifiable victim effect. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 93, 102193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102193

Abstract:

n/a

Mercy for Animals. (2023). Why measuring the effectiveness of nonviolent grassroots activism requires specificity. Mercy for Animals. https://go.mercyforanimals.org/measuring-non-violent-activism