January

Abstract:

The plant-based meat analogue (PBMA) market in Australia is growing, as it is globally, based on the potential of the products’ healthiness and sustainability. The potential of current commercially available PBMAs in Australia is assessed based on healthiness and sustainability followed by a comparison of the plant proteins which have demonstrated desirable functionality with those used in commercially available PBMAs. Robust evidence supports the sustainability claims of PBMAs over meat products. Regarding healthiness, on a macro scale, there is nutritional equivalence; however, on a micro scale, most commercial PBMAs lack essential minerals and vitamins (such as iron and vitamin B12). There is a low diversity of plant proteins used in commercial PBMAs, which is a poor representation of the numerous plant proteins within the scientific literature. This review highlights the likely reasons limiting the diversity of plant proteins used in commercially available PBMAs in Australia and provides insights into how these products can fulfil their potential regarding their sustainability and healthiness. 

Miller, O., Scarlett, C. J., Adhikari, B., & Akanbi, T. O. (2024). Are plant-based meat analogues fulfilling their potentials? An Australian perspective. Future Foods, 9, 100305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100305 

Abstract:

Cell-cultured meat (CM) is a novel meat product grown in vitro from animal cells, widely framed as equivalent to conventional meat but presented as produced in a more sustainable way. Despite its limited availability for human consumption, consumer acceptance of CM (e.g., willingness to purchase and consume) has been extensively investigated. A key but under-investigated assumption of these studies is that CM’s sensory qualities are comparable to conventional, equivalent meat products. Therefore, the current review aims to clarify what is actually known about the sensory characteristics of CM and their potential impact on consumer acceptance. To this end, a structured scoping review of existing, peer-reviewed literature on the sensory evaluation of CM was conducted according to the PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. Among the included studies (N = 26), only 5 conducted research activities that could be termed “sensory evaluation,” with only 4 of those 5 studies evaluating actual CM products in some form. The remaining 21 studies based their conclusions on the sensory characteristics of CM and consequent consumer acceptance to a set of hypothetical CM products and consumption experiences, often with explicitly positive information framing. In addition, many consumer acceptance studies in the literature have the explicit goal to increase the acceptance of CM, with some authors (researchers) acting as direct CM industry affiliates; this may be a source of bias on the level of consumer acceptance toward these products. By separating what is known about CM sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance from what is merely speculated, the current review reported realistic expectations of CM’s sensory characteristics within the promissory narratives of CM proponents.

To, K. V., Comer, C. C., O’Keefe, S. F., & Lahne, J. (2024). A taste of cell-cultured meat: A scoping review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1332765. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1332765 

Abstract:

The present study aimed at evaluating the awareness and acceptance of informed and professional consumers towards cultured meat. A survey-based study was conducted using 295 food science scholars and 105 veterinary professionals as respondents. The study was designed to decipher whether knowledge about meat and food production affects the acceptance of cultured meat. The majority of the respondents were male (54 %), ate meat (73 %) and showed preferences for red meat (65 %). The majority of the respondents were not sure (neither agreed nor disagreed) that cultured meat is healthy (69 %) and were not sure about its long-term effects on human health (73 %). The majority agreed that it does not seem to be healthier than conventional meat (91 %) and perceived it to be unnatural (86 %), decreasing the natural quality of meat and meat products (58 %). The majority were not sure about its safety (86 %), impact on the environment (44 %) and low carbon footprint (58 %) and disagreed it would improve animal welfare and reduce animal suffering (58 %). The majority agreed that there is not enough scientific evidence and data to support its safety (52 %) and is likely to be harmful to human health (86 %). While 39 % of the respondents stated that the media usually provides a biased view, the majority (80 %) believed its benefits are often grossly overstated and exaggerated. The majority were not sure about its impact on future generations, agreed it could be risky to switch too quickly (48 %) and disagreed it would replace conventional meat (89 %).

Choudhary, F., Khandi, S. A., Hassoun, A., Aadil, R. M., Bekhit, A. E.-D. A., Abdi, G., & Bhat, Z. F. (2024). Awareness and acceptance of informed and professional consumers of Jammu and Kashmir about cultured meat. Applied Food Research, 4(1), 100397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2024.100397 

Abstract:

This study focuses on Chinese consumers’ cognition and attitude towards artificial meat, including cultured meat and plant-based meat. The attitude is measured by three aspects: willingness to accept (WTA), willingness to taste (WTT), and willingness to buy (WTB). The results indicate that consumers’ attitude towards plant-based meat is more favorable than that towards cultured meat. Consumers’ attitude towards artificial meat is positively correlated with their cognition of artificial meat, dietary knowledge, and information intervention. Compared to those who have not heard about artificial meat, consumers who are aware of it have 8%-36% higher probabilities of accepting, tasting, and buying cultured meat and plant-based meat, respectively. A one-point increase in dietary knowledge leads to a 2%-4% increase in consumers’ WTA, WTT, and WTB. Consumers who receive positive information about artificial meat have significantly higher probabilities of WTA, WTT, and WTB, ranging from 13% to 28%. Consumers’ WTA, WTT, and WTB also relate to their education level, marriage status, and family age structure. This study contributes to the existing literature on consumers’ attitudes towards artificial meat and provides a better understanding of the potential and challenges of marketizing artificial meat in China.

Min, S., Yang, M., & Qing, P. (2024). Consumer cognition and attitude towards artificial meat in China. Future Foods, 100294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2023.100294 

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the palatability of 3 plant-based ground beef alternatives (GBA) in comparison to ground beef under real-world hamburger and taco scenarios. The 3 plant-based GBA alternatives used represented a modern GBA sold at retail (RGBA), a modern GBA sold in foodservice (FGBA), and a traditional soy-based GBA (TGBA). Additionally, 80% lean ground beef was evaluated. Consumers (N=240; n=120 per panel type) evaluated samples for juiciness, tenderness, texture, beef flavor, overall flavor, overall liking, purchase intent,and purchase price and rated traits as either acceptable or unacceptable. For hamburger panels, consumers were served samples on buns and were given the option to add cheese, lettuce, pickles, ketchup, and/or mustard. For taco panels, samples were seasoned with a taco seasoning blend and served on flour tortillas, with consumers given the option to add cheese, lettuce, and/or tomatoes. In both scenarios, ground beef was rated higher (P<0.05) by consumers for juiciness, texture liking, overall flavor liking, beef flavor liking, overall liking, purchase intent, and price willing to be paid than all 3 GBA but was rated similar (P>0.05) for tenderness to FGBA and RGBA. Additionally, a higher (P<0.05) percentage of ground beef samples were rated acceptable overall and for flavor characteristics than all 3 GBA. Few differences were found between FGBA and RGBA for any palatability characteristics evaluated. TGBA was rated lower (P<0.05) than all other treatments for all palatability traits for taco panels and was similar (P>0.05) to only RGBA for beef flavor and overall flavor liking within hamburger panels. These results indicate that GBA currently available to consumers do not have improved palatability characteristics when used as an ingredient in a taco or hamburger scenario.

O’Quinn, T. G., Egger, L. A., Farmer, K. J., Beyer, E. S., Lybarger, K. R., Vipham, J. L., Zumbaugh, M. D., & Chao, M. D. (2024). Consumer evaluation of plant-based ground beef alternatives in real-world eating scenarios. Meat and Muscle Biology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.22175/mmb.16904 

Abstract:

Background

Plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) could be a promising source for protein intake and reduce the dependence on unsustainable meat production and consumption. However, the concern about the production and processing of PBMAs persists, besides the consumers' attitude. The opinion about scientific evidence among stakeholders on the promotion of PBMAs differ. This study presents the trends in consumer perception and preference toward PBMAs and suggests a facilitating policy framework for promoting consumption.

Scope and approach

The study mainly focused on (1) exploring the publication trends, geographic focus of research, and a comprehensive review of the consumers’ perception of and preference for PBMAs, (2) identifying PBMAs research hotspots and emerging themes, (3) evaluating the wholistic nature of PBMAs research, and (4) offering policy framework for the promotion of production and consumption of the PBMAs. Bibliometric analysis was performed using the Scopus database sourcing literature published till December 2022 and analyzing the identified 1964 publications deploying VOSviewer software through the topic-based search strategy of phrases corresponding to PBMAs perception and preference.

Key findings and conclusions

The search query retrieved 1964 publications that showed an increasing trend in research on consumers’ preference towards PBMAs. The positive affirmation by consumers is mainly by personal decisions on health benefits, a shift to veganism, ethical concerns, and sustainability. The preference was in proportion to the articulation of the possible merits of the PBMAS, price discounts, and media-influenced consumption. The USA, China, and Germany led, respectively, in active institutions, per research output and per capita GDP publication. The chief sources of funds for research on PBMAs consumption, perception, and attitudes were the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the European Commission, and the National Key Research and Development Program of China. Research outputs on PBMA foods, consumers' acceptance, and preferences are mounting; however, the United States Department of Agriculture and Wageningen University led in the publications revealing that rigorous research efforts for producing and promoting PBMAs need to be executed in developing economies. Although research output on PBMAs food, consumers’ acceptance and preferences are increasing, a majority of publications emerge from organizations in developed nations like the United States Department of Agriculture and Wageningen University. The research effort is yet to be intensified to produce and promote PBMAs in developing countries. We suggest a policy framework to be implemented by the stakeholders to ensure the production and consumption of PBMAs as well as to promote such products on the sustainability front.

Sendhil, R., Bhuvana, C. R., Yadav, S., Gayathry, G., Ragupathy, R., Pouchepparadjou, A., & Ramasundaram, P. (2024). Consumer perception and preference toward plant-based meat alternatives: Bibliometric trends and policy implications. Food and Humanity, 100229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foohum.2024.100229 

Abstract:

Background

Cultivated meat is a novel technology with the potential to partly substitute conventional meat in the future. Production of cultivated meat is based on biotechnology for tissue engineering, up-scaling of cell cultures and stem-cell differentiation, providing the basis for large-scale proliferation of the parent cell and subsequent differentiation into primitive skeletal muscle structures known from conventional meat. Development of cultivated meat is considered a socio-technological challenge including a variety of technical, sustainability, ethical, and consumer acceptance issues.

Scope and approach

As the Nordic countries share common history and roots of food culture, cultivated meat will be introduced into a socio-cultural context with established food traditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge and activities on the development of cultivated meat in the Nordic countries and considers this novel food product in a specific socio-cultural context.

Key findings and conclusions

The production of cultivated meat in the Nordic countries, must encompass solutions that are accepted by the typical Nordic consumer. In general, this favors solutions for cell culturing based on non-GMO cells and locally accessible raw material for cell medias and scaffolding. From the perspective of the Nordic countries, this will improve the environmental, societal, and ethical context of cultivated meat.

Rasmussen, M. K., Gold, J., Kaiser, M. W., Moritz, J., Räty, N., Rønning, S. B., Ryynänen, T., Skrivergaard, S., Ström, A., Therkildsen, M., Tuomisto, H. L., & Young, J. F. (2024). Critical review of cultivated meat from a Nordic perspective. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 144, 104336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104336

Abstract:

Expectations for the industrialization of cultured meat are growing due to the increasing support from various sectors, such as the food industry, animal welfare organizations, and consumers, particularly vegetarians, but the progress of industrialization is slower than initially reported. This review analyzes the main issues concerning the industrialization of cultured meat, examines research and media reports on the development of cultured meat to date, and presents the current technology, industrialization level, and prospects for cultured meat. Currently, over 30 countries have companies industrializing cultured meat, and around 200 companies that are developing or industrializing cultured meat have been surveyed globally. By country, the United States has over 50 companies, accounting for more than 20% of the total. Acquiring animal cells, developing cell lines, improving cell proliferation, improving the efficiency of cell differentiation and muscle production, or developing cell culture media, including serum-free media, are the major research themes related to the development of cultured meat. In contrast, the development of devices, such as bioreactors, which are crucial in enabling large-scale production, is relatively understudied, and few of the many companies invested in the development of cultured meat have presented products for sale other than prototypes. In addition, because most information on key technologies is not publicly available, it is not possible to determine the level of technology in the companies, and it is surmised that the technology of cultured meat-related startups is not high. Therefore, further research and development are needed to promote the full-scale industrialization of cultured meat.

Yun, S. H., Lee, D. Y., Lee, J., Mariano, E. Jr., Choi, Y., Park, J. M., Han, D., Kim, J. S., & Hur, S. J. (2024). Current research, industrialization status, and future perspective of cultured meat. Food Science of Animal Resources. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2024.e13

Abstract:

n/a

Good Food Institute. (2024). Decoding demand: The appetite for alternative proteins in Southeast Asia. Good Food Institute. https://gfi-apac.org/decoding-demand-the-appetite-for-alternative-proteins-in-southeast-asia/

Abstract:

Alternative proteins have recently received significant attention from both academia and industry. Given the reported lower willingness of consumers to accept these alternative protein sources, it is crucial to gain insights into consumers' perceptions of them. Study 1, based on the theory of the meaning of objects and concepts, unveiled the connotative meaning (evaluation, potency, activity) associated with five alternative proteins (insects, cultured meat, mycoprotein, algae, and plant-based proteins). Animal-based sources, such as insects and cultured meat, received lower ratings in evaluation but scored higher in potency/activity. Conversely, plant-based sources, including mycoproteins, algae, and plant-based proteins, were rated higher in evaluation but lower in potency/activity. Building upon the congruency theory, Study 2 integrated these connotative meanings of alternative proteins into potential marketing strategies. More specifically, Study 2 introduced background music as an ambient factor and demonstrated how certain music genres align with alternative proteins, suggesting their potential use in alternative protein marketing. Animal-based protein sources were found to align with music genres characterized by lower evaluation and higher potency/activity, such as metal and rock. In contrast, plant-based sources were better matched with music genres associated with higher evaluation and lower potency/activity, such as classical, jazz, and country. Drawing from the insights obtained through these studies, this paper discusses practical applications in the context of marketing strategies and highlights potential avenues for future research.

Motoki, K., Bunya, A., Park, J., & Velasco, C. (2024). Decoding the meaning of alternative proteins: Connotations and music-matching. Food Quality and Preference, 115, 105117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105117

Abstract:

Climate change, environmental and animal ethics concerns, the increasing demand for meat consumption, and limited resources are some of the issues society is struggling with. However, alternatives to the traditional protein business are rising. This paper aims to discuss the cultivated meat ecosystem, which attracts researchers, investors, firms, governments, entrepreneurs, food industry experts, and other actors worldwide. Our focus is to analyze its formation in the Brazilian context. Based on in-depth interviews with the cultivated meat industry experts from multiple areas (academia, enterprises, startups, and NGOs) and several secondary data such as consultancy and academic reports, we discuss the main drivers, barriers, and characteristics perceived by the multiple stakeholders regarding four dimensions: technological, legal/institutional, environmental/ sustainable, and marketing-related (from the consumer-behavior perspective). We also offer an overview of the views, challenges, and insights obtained from the collected data. Finally, we address limitations and avenues for further studies encouraging the investigation of this nascent ecosystem in other emerging countries, a comparison with the developed economies, and longitudinal studies with MNEs that are growing their business and industrial structure.

Motoki, K., Bunya, A., Park, J., & Velasco, C. (2024). Decoding the meaning of alternative proteins: Connotations and music-matching. Food Quality and Preference, 115, 105117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105117

Abstract:

Think about what humans will eat in the future. Could you imagine eating meat produced without the extensive farming of animals? This scenario is not as unlikely as you might think. To protect our planet, we must reduce the irreversible damage we are doing to the environment. Eating less meat is a major part of this, because the way we produce most meat today has a tremendous impact on the environment. Plant-based meat alternatives are already available in stores, but it is hard to imitate the taste and texture of meat if no animals are involved. Therefore, scientists have been working on an alternative, called cultivated meat, that is made from real animal tissue but does not require the death of the animal. Cultivated meat shows great promise to become an environmentally and animal-friendly alternative to conventional meat. However, there are still limitations to cultivated meat products that prevent them from being sold in stores.

Meyer, P., Szczepanski, L., Büscher, M., Schächtele, J., & Fiebelkorn, F. (2024). Future food: Can cultivated meat save our planet? Frontiers for Young Minds, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2023.1055909

Abstract:

To investigate the influence of food culture on the acceptability of meat substitutes, in 2023 we conducted a questionnaire survey on men and women aged 18–69 years (N = 1681) in Japan, a country with a food culture that regards soya as a meat substitute, focusing on ‘meaning’ in the theory of practice. Analysis of three groups—a flexible group who accept foods processed from soya as meat, a strict group who do not accept such foods as meat, and an intermediate group—showed that the flexible group tended to be more positive about the consumption of meat substitutes than the other groups. However, the flexible group was not simply more accepting, as they expressed aversion and anxiety in response to other questions. Food culture, i.e., what is understood to be meat, influences the acceptability of alternative meats. When examining the social acceptability of meat alternatives in the future, it is also important to look at social practices and historical and cultural backgrounds in a multilayered way, in addition to factors that have been emphasized in previous studies, such as consumers’ decision-making process.

Fujiwara, N., & Tachikawa, M. (2024). Implications of food culture and practice on the acceptance of alternative meat. Sustainability, 16(3), 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031138

Abstract:

Global meat consumption is a significant contributor to the high levels of greenhouse gases currently being emitted, and shifting diets to plant-based products is an effective way of limiting further climate change. However, plant-based products are often thought to be less tasty than their meat-based counterparts and perceived as unappealing by omnivorous consumers. Therefore, we present a systematic procedure for establishing and testing whether describing plant-based dishes in terms of the rewarding aspects of consumption has the potential to make them more appealing and increase intentions to select and consume them, ultimately facilitating behaviour change. In Study 1 (N = 653), we asked participants to rate the extent to which various sensory, context, and hedonic features were viewed as positive or negative in relation to 20 savoury dishes. In Study 2 (N = 246), we selected the most positive features from Study 1 and asked participants to rate the fit of these features in relation to 12 novel plant-based dishes. In Study 3 (N = 1,204), we used the most fitting features from Study 2 to examine whether descriptions that incorporated them could increase the appeal and intention to order the same 12 plant-based dishes. Overall, the results showed that consumption and reward descriptions led to significantly higher appeal ratings and order intentions compared to control descriptions. Consequently, consumption and reward descriptions may help to increase the selection and consumption of plant-based foods, reducing the demand for animal-based products and the associated greenhouse gas emissions.

Farrar, S. T., David, T., & Papies, E. K. (2024). Increasing the appeal of plant-based foods through describing the consumption experience: A data-driven procedure. OSF Preprints. https://osf.io/preprints/osf/z78qk

Abstract:

The rising demand for plant-based meat (PBM) has the potential to minimize environmental degradation and save the lives of numerous animals. Furthermore, the intention to consume eco-friendly products triggers people to consume PBM. However, it is essential to understand the factors that influence consumer intentions and actual PBM consumption to enhance its adoption. By incorporating the Theory of Consumption Value, this study examines the impact of health consciousness, health motivation, personal innovativeness, perceived critical mass, perceived cost, and perceived product value on the intention to consume PBM. The impact of intention to consume PBM on actual consumption is also analyzed. Furthermore, the mediating role of the intention to consume PBM in the relationship between these factors and actual consumption behavior is investigated. Using a cross-sectional research design, 978 responses were obtained from Indonesia. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that health motivation, perceived critical mass perceived cost, and perceived product value were significant predictors of the intention to consume PBM. However, health motivation and personal innovation had insignificant effects on the intention to consume PBM. Moreover, the intention to consume PBM translated into actual consumption behavior. Furthermore, the intention to consume PBM significantly mediated the relationship between actual consumption behavior and factors other than health motivation, personal innovation, and perceived product value. The findings offer valuable insights for industry, policymakers, and producers interested in PBMA markets in developing focused marketing strategies, improving consumer perceptions, and addressing barriers, such as perceived costs to promote PBM consumption, particularly in emerging markets. Integrating the theory of consumption value and PLS-SEM provides a comprehensive understanding of the underlying dynamics and sheds light on the unique factors driving PBM consumption behavior.

Yang, M., Reza, M. N. H., Yang, Q., Al Mamun, A., & Hayat, N. (2024). Modelling the mass consumption potential of Plant Based Meat: Evidence from an emerging economy. Heliyon, 10(2), e24273. https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)00304-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2405844024003049%3Fshowall%3Dtrue 

Abstract:

n/a

Bryant, C. (2024). On the importance of price and taste for food choice. Bryant Research. https://bryantresearch.co.uk/insight-items/importance-of-price-taste/

Abstract:

Reliance on animal foods must be reduced to improve planetary and human well-being. This research studied plant-based cheese alternatives (PBCA) relative to dairy cheese in a consumer taste test with 157 consumers in New Zealand. A case study approach used cream cheese (commercially available) as the focal product category (2 PBCA, 2 dairy) and implemented a multi-response paradigm (hedonic, sensory, emotional, conceptual, situational). “Beyond liking” insights were established, including drivers of liking (sensory, non-sensory) and sensory drivers of non-sensory product associations. Two consumer segments were identified, of which the largest (n = 111) liked PBCA and dairy samples equally (6.5–6.7 of 9). In this PBCA Likers cluster, the key sensory drivers of liking were ‘creamy/smooth mouthfeel’, ‘dissolves quickly in mouth’, and ‘sweet’, while a significant penalty was associated with ‘mild/bland flavour’. The non-sensory data contributed additional consumer insights, including the four samples being perceived as differently appropriate for 9 of 12 use situations, with PBCA being regarded as less appropriate. In the limited confines of this case on cream cheese, the findings show that PBCA need not be inferior to their dairy counterparts despite a general narrative to the contrary. Of note, the results were obtained among participants who were open to eating a more PB diet but were not vegetarian or vegan.

Jaeger, S. R., Jin, D., & Roigard, C. M. (2024). Plant-based alternatives need not be inferior: Findings from a sensory and consumer research case study with cream cheese. Foods, 13(4), 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13040567

Abstract:

One of the technological responses to concern about the healthiness and sustainability of red meat consumption as well as growing global food insecurity has been the development of plant-based meats. While still niche industries, plant-based meats are increasing in diversity and visibility and are often accompanied by scientific claims about their potential contribution to sustainability, health and nutrition. In this paper we analyse these claims from the perspective of critical metrology, looking not only at the state of knowledge about plant- and animal-based beef but also how knowledge is being produced. Such research is vital in understanding not only what is known about a topic but also the limitations of that knowledge in terms of influences and gaps, to shape how research can be done better. The research is based on a scoping review of scientific papers that compare the sustainability and nutritional properties of plant- and animal-based beef, with a particular focus on the Australian context. Our analysis shows that there are some points of consensus, such as plant-based beef having lower greenhouse gas emissions than animal-based beef and that plant-based burgers have lower total fat and saturated fat than animal-based burgers. However, we also find points of difference due to variability in production systems, products and approaches to measurement. We discuss how a metrological regime is forming that bears the imprint and interests of the industries involved, influencing the metrics and geographies that are studied and creating critical absences in understanding. 

McGregor, A., Bojovic, M., Ghammachi, N., & Mihrshahi, S. (2024). Producing knowledge about the sustainability and nutritional values of plant and animal-based beef: Funding, metrics, geographies and gaps. Journal of Cleaner Production, 441, 140900. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652624003470?via%3Dihub 

Abstract:

There is increasing consumer demand for alternative animal protein products that are delicious and sustainably produced to address concerns about the impacts of mass-produced meat on human and planetary health. Cultured meat has the potential to provide a source of nutritious dietary protein that both is palatable and has reduced environmental impact. However, strategies to support the production of cultured meats at the scale required for food consumption will be critical. In this review, we discuss the current challenges and opportunities of using edible scaffolds for scaling up the production of cultured meat. We provide an overview of different types of edible scaffolds, scaffold fabrication techniques, and common scaffold materials. Finally, we highlight potential advantages of using edible scaffolds to advance cultured meat production by accelerating cell growth and differentiation, providing structure to build complex 3D tissues, and enhancing the nutritional and sensory properties of cultured meat.

Kawecki, N. S., Chen, K. K., Smith, C. S., Xie, Q., Cohen, J. M., & Rowat, A. C. (2024). Scalable processes for culturing meat using edible scaffolds. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-072023-034451

Abstract:

Recent findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies highlight the benefit of substituting some, but not all, animal-based foods with plant-based foods, providing crucial insights for policymakers amid the current climate and health crisis. I discuss the findings, research gaps and the need for standardised reporting going forward.

Ibsen, D. B. (2024). Substituting animal-based with plant-based foods: Current evidence and challenges ahead. BMC Global and Public Health, 2(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44263-023-00036-z

Abstract:

Background

Cultivated seafood is a promising novel approach to global food security and sustainability, as current seafood production methods may not meet the needs of increasing world population and rising seafood consumption. Hence, cell-based seafood is an important part of modern food innovation to supplement current seafood production. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) of the commercial and environmental impact of cultivated meat highlight the importance of low-cost culture media without serum and antibiotics to commercial feasibility. LCAs comparing production of cultivated with conventional seafood are limited.

Scope and approach

This review discusses the cultivated seafood production process, with focus on cell line derivation, media formulation, and culture parameters. Present challenges facing the industry include development of serum-free media, and isolation and maintenance of different types of stem cells from seafood species. A survey of published LCAs is presented, along with their implications for technological advancements required for commercial viability. Consumer preferences and current regulatory landscape for cell culture-derived foods, crucial for the development of cultivated seafood, are also discussed.

Key findings and conclusions

Currently, the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is more straightforward approach than other stem cell sources for cell-based fish, but isolation of stem cell niches for crustaceans and molluscs and optimization of culture conditions remain a challenge. Serum-free media development involves resource-intensive profiling of serum replacements, and determination of optimal concentrations, but may yield cost efficiencies in large-scale cultivated seafood production. Tackling these challenges is instrumental to the long-term sustainability of cultivated seafood production.

Chan, D. L.-K., Lim, P.-Y., Sanny, A., Georgiadou, D., Lee, A. P., & Tan, A. H.-M. (2024). Technical, commercial, and regulatory challenges of cellular agriculture for seafood production. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 144, 104341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104341

Abstract:

This research aims to determine the purchase intention of cultured meat using an expanded planned behavior theory approach. The development of science has encouraged scientists to look for the latest innovations known as novel foods with the aim of alternative food in the future. Research on consumer acceptance of cultured meat has been carried out in many developed countries by looking at the potential for various consumer acceptance of cultured meat. Indonesia, as one of the potential markets for novel foods, is necessary to also look at the potential for consumer acceptance of novel foods, especially on cultured meat. This research used an online survey method on 231 young respondents in Indonesia. The results show that constructive attitudes and subjective norms significantly affect the purchase intention of cultured meat. Environmental beliefs also significantly affect the purchase intention of cultured meat. The results of this research can be used as a reference for marketing strategies for cultured meat in the future, especially in the young age segment in potential markets in developing countries.

Satria, A. T., & Aghniarahim Putritamara, J. (2024). The consumer acceptance of novel foods on potential markets using an Extended Behavior Model. BIO Web of Conferences, 88, 00019. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248800019

Abstract:

The naming and labeling of products can affect consumer attitudes and subsequent behavior, particularly in the case of new food products in the market. The present study explores the effects of name framing on consumer attitudes towards cultured meat (CM), which is currently in the early stages of development. With a sample of 1532 Chinese consumers, we integrated several pathways to explain the name-framing effect by examining three different terms (“cultured,” “artificial,” and “cell-based”) for CM. Results indicate that “cultured meat” and “cell-based meat” are more appealing than “artificial meat.” Name framings of CM affect consumers’ perception of benefits more than that of risks. Our comprehensive model identified evoked affect (perceived disgust) and naturalness as two crucial predictors of attitudes. These two predictors also act as substantial mediators of perceived benefits, and they activate the mediation of perceived risks (an insignificant mediator in cognitive processing). In addition, perceived naturalness mediates the name-framing effect mainly through perceived disgust. Our findings have implications for future strategies for communicating about novel foods (like CM) to the public.

Li, H., Van Loo, E. J., Bai, J., & van Trijp, H. C. M. (2024). Understanding consumer attitude toward the name framings of cultured meat: Evidence from China. Appetite, 195, 107240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107240

Abstract:

Scientific breakthroughs in lowering cultured meat's production cost have ignited the hope of developing a global cultured meat industry. This has resulted in a surge in consumer psychology studies on cultured meat, as researchers have sought to determine the antecedents of cultured meat's acceptance and consequently acquire insights into the demand feasibility of the envisaged industry. However, the literature is fragmented; hence, this study aims to summarize the state of knowledge and consolidate the findings of this literature. A secondary purpose was to reflect on the depth of evidence, highlight the major findings and identify gaps/trends in knowledge. The study noted growing trends in conducting research that takes a holistic view of consumer psychology around cultured meat. Nuances were identified in studies that involved actual tasting of cultured meat, carrying out comparative studies, using novel data sets and studies focused on demographic segments of interest. The evidence-based knowledge reported in this paper is useful to support the further development of the cultured meat industry and helps to highlight these areas of growth in the literature.

Tsvakirai, C. Z., Nalley, L. L., & Tshehla, M. (2023). What do we know about consumers’ attitudes towards cultured meat? A scoping review. Future Foods, 100279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2023.100279

Abstract:

The commercial greyhound racing industry in New Zealand is struggling with an eroding social license and ‘on-notice’ status. Multiple independent reviews of the industry have identified ongoing issues of animal welfare during and between races, euthanasia decisions, poor data tracking, a lack of transparency and problems with rehoming dogs, resulting in New Zealand animal advocacy agencies and the general public questioning the continuation of greyhound racing. The current paper assessed the New Zealand public’s awareness and familiarity with commercial greyhound racing, identified current levels of public support or opposition for racing, and provided context in terms of engagement with greyhound racing using a comprehensive survey of a robust sample of New Zealanders. The results confirm that the social license of the greyhound industry is under challenge with most respondents expressing disagreement with or lack of knowledge of current industry practices and indicating they would vote in support of a ban. There is scope for increasing public acceptability by addressing welfare issues, increasing awareness of positive industry practices, and encouraging transparency of the greyhound racing agency. However, as greyhound racing is on the decline worldwide, calls are likely to continue for a phase-out of commercial greyhound racing.

Cameron, K. E., Vaughan, A., McAninch, M. J., Briden, K., & Dale, A. (2024). Cross-sectional survey of public perception of commercial greyhound racing in New Zealand. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020207

Abstract:

n/a

Compassion in World Farming. (2024). EggTrack 2023 Report. Compassion in World Farming. https://www.eggtrack.com/en/

Abstract:

This paper’s main objective is to assess the impacts of the ban on cages for housing laying hens, planned by the European Commission to raise animal welfare standards beyond the level set in the current legislation. The farm-level economic assessments of the ban were carried out in three stages: farm surveys and expert consultations, farm-level analyses, and aggregation to the EU-27 egg production sector. Four scenarios were constructed. All financial estimates were conducted with fixed prices from the year 2021 for which the reference scenario was built. Alternative hen-housing systems were barn (Voliera), free range, and organic. Until now, more than 50% of laying hens in the EU have already been transferred to alternative systems. The remaining part is subject to the transition. The basic assumptions included a reduction in yields due to the required lower densities and specifics of the production systems. A factor strongly differentiating the scenarios is likelihood of exists form the sector, as declared in the survey by many farmers, mainly those reaching retirement age without successors and keeping relatively small flocks of hens. The introduction of the ban will cause a decrease in egg production, varying between the scenarios. Substantial investments will be required within the range of 2–3.2 billion EUR, depending on the scenario.

Majewski, E., Potori, N., Sulewski, P., Wąs, A., Mórawska, M., Gębska, M., Malak-Rawlikowska, A., Grontkowska, A., Szili, V., & Erdős, A. (2024). End of the cage age? A study on the impacts of the transition from cages on the EU laying hen sector. Agriculture, 14(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14010111

Abstract:

n/a

Sperlova, Z., & Stumpe, M. (2024). Exploring corporate campaigns against silk retailers. Effective Altruism Forum. https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/kz3iyh5HYpRDwBKAz/exploring-corporate-campaigns-against-silk-retailers

Abstract:

Animal welfare is a multidimensional concept that includes several physical and psychological parameters of the animal. The aim of this study was to assess animal welfare during transportation and in Slovenian beef, pork, and poultry slaughterhouses. A questionnaire was used for this study. Several parameters of animal welfare were rated on a 5-point scale, such as health status, animal behavior, lairage or transport vehicle conditions, and driver regulation compliance. The scale was also used for the second part of the study. This consisted of two studies: (1) self-assessment by slaughterhouse employees and livestock transport drivers and (2) animal welfare observational assessment performed by two veterinarians. The results were compared with each other. Ten large slaughterhouses and nine livestock drivers took part in the survey. The results showed that slaughterhouse employees knew more about animal welfare than livestock truck drivers, but both groups were not sufficiently familiar with animal welfare laws and regulations. This study found that the experts’ assessments were generally lower than the self-assessments of employees and livestock drivers. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that there is a need to improve the awareness and knowledge of slaughterhouse employees and livestock drivers regarding animal handling and animal welfare regulations.

Lipovšek, M., Kirbiš, A., Tomažič, I., Dovč, A., & Križman, M. (2024). Farm animal welfare during transport and at the slaughterhouse: Perceptions of slaughterhouse employees, livestock drivers, and veterinarians. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030443

Abstract:

This article examines the welfare standards that govern the lives of chickens raised for meat in Australia and the United Kingdom. While ‘meat chickens’ are subject to a wide range of welfare interventions, we focus on the development and implications of the ‘private’ standards which are the most significant determinants of meat chicken welfare in these jurisdictions: the RSPCA Approved Farming Scheme in Australia and the Red Tractor Chicken Assurance Scheme in the United Kingdom. While the jurisdictions appear to have a similar regime that favours private regulation, differences in the origins and governance of these systems can be identified, offering insights into the use of hybrid regulation in areas associated with the welfare of non-human animals. The similarities and differences in these countries point to the importance of individual relationships, as well as supply chain power in the adoption of private standards as a response to comparatively unstructured community concerns about welfare (Australia) and welfare and food safety (United Kingdom). While hybridity as a form of new public governance can be seen to facilitate innovative and varied responses to state devolution, the article concludes the overarching anthropocentrism of policymakers and the policy sciences explains a closed, incremental, and conservative form of practice in this area. Observations of the wider ‘animal turn’ in the social sciences are recommended to consider future systems of hybrid regulation that are not centred on anthropocentrism and more fully expand hybridity's participatory promise.

Chen, P. J., O’Sullivan, S., & Pyke, S. (2024). Hybrid governance and welfare standards for broiler chickens raised for human consumption. Australian Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12625

Abstract:

n/a

Otu, A., Onwusaka, O., Meseko, C., Effa, E., Ebenso, B., Isong Abraham, I., Ijomanta, J., Omileye, A., Emelife, C., Eziechina, S., Suleiman, K., Ochu, C., & Adetimirin, V. (2024). Learning from One-Health approaches to explore links between farming practices, animal, human and ecosystem health in Nigeria. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1216484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1216484

Abstract:

The present study was conducted to assess the animal welfare status of broiler chickens raised in conventional and welfare-certified farms. One conventional farm (30,000 birds/house, 1,488 m2/house, 2 houses) and one animal welfare-certified farm (32,000 birds/house, 1,920 m2/house, 2 houses) were selected to measure productivity, stress responses, and animal welfare indicators in 3 broiler flocks (2 farms/season, n = 6 flocks/farm type) during summer, autumn, and spring. Upon farm visits, body weight, uniformity, and animal welfare indicators (i.e., fecal and feather corticosterone, footpad dermatitis, hock burn, feather dirtiness, and gait score) were measured at 26 d posthatch. Also, moisture, nitrogen, and pH of litter, light intensity, ammonia concentration, and body surface temperature of head, chest, and legs were measured. There was no difference in body weight and uniformity between farm types. Fecal corticosterone concentrations were higher (P = 0.021) in welfare-certified vs. conventional farm, but no significant difference was found in feather corticosterone. Welfare-certified vs. conventional farm had lower percentages of hock burn (P = 0.018), feather dirtiness scores (P = 0.009), and gait score (P = 0.040), and there was no difference in footpad dermatitis. Nitrogen content in litter samples tended to be higher in conventional vs. welfare-certified farms (P = 0.094), and there was no difference in moisture and pH between farm types. Ammonia concentration within the broiler houses was not different between 2 farms. However, animal welfare farm was found to be brighter than conventional farm (P < 0.001). The body surface temperature of head, chest, and legs was not different between farm types. In conclusion, the welfare-certified farm had higher welfare measures, including lower hock burn, feather dirtiness, and gait score, confirming an overall improvement in welfare indicators. However, the observation on the elevated feather corticosterone noted in welfare vs. conventionally raised chickens warrants further studies.

Kwon, B.-Y., Lee, H.-G., Jeon, Y.-S., Song, J.-Y., Kim, S.-H., Kim, D.-W., Kim, C.-H., & Lee, K.-W. (2024). Research Note: Welfare and stress responses of broiler chickens raised in conventional and animal welfare-certified broiler farms. Poultry Science, 103(3), 103402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103402

Abstract:

Despite concerns about animal welfare, and health and environmental issues associated with eating meat, meat consumption has continued to increase worldwide, including in Australia. One exception to this is Germany, with 2021 meat consumption levels being the lowest in the last 30 years. This pre-registered study investigated socio-cultural variables associated with meat consumption in Germany (n = 399) and Australia (n = 399) in a cross-sectional online survey. Participants reported levels of current and intended meat consumption, and they completed measures of speciesism, motivations to eat meat, empathy, animal farming perceptions, perceived behavioural control (PBC) over meat eating, and avoidance and dissociation regarding the animal origins of meat. In both Australia and Germany, enjoying the taste of meat positively predicted consumption and empathy towards farmed animals negatively predicted consumption. PBC was a strong positive predictor of intentions to reduce meat consumption in both countries. Empathy and liking the taste of meat were among the best predictors of red meat and poultry consumption, suggesting that interventions to reduce meat consumption may work best by targeting these factors while also increasing people’s sense of control over their food choices.

Northrope, K., Howell, T., Kashima, E. S., Buttlar, B., Sproesser, G., & Ruby, M. B. (2024). An investigation of meat eating in samples from Australia and Germany: The role of justifications, perceptions, and empathy. Animals, 14(2), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020211

Abstract:

Social norm perceptions are implicit standards describing what is typically done or seen as acceptable and have shown to be important both in sustaining meat consumption as well as facilitating meat reduction. Norm perceptions depend on individual differences and the contexts (e.g., supermarket, restaurant). Yet, evidence how norm perceptions differ within and across individuals is scarce. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how descriptive, injunctive, and personal norms perceptions favouring meat consumption differ across contexts and meat consumer groups. The second aim was to investigate how generic dynamic norm perceptions vary across meat consumer groups. British meat eaters (n = 1205, 25–65 years) participated in an online cross-sectional survey. Weekly meat, fish and meat substitute consumption was measured with the adapted Oxford Meat Frequency Questionnaire. All but dynamic norm perceptions were measured for the supermarket, restaurant and worksite cafeteria context. Dynamic norms were measured without a specified context. A two-step cluster analysis was conducted to identify meat consumer groups. Descriptive norm perceptions favouring meat consumption were strongest in supermarket and restaurant contexts, compared to the worksite cafeteria. Injunctive and personal norms favouring meat consumption were both perceived strongest in the supermarket, followed by the restaurant, and least in the worksite cafeteria context. Four meat consumer groups were identified and those with higher meat intake (i.e., Meat lovers and Exceeders) perceived norms favouring meat consumption stronger and norms favouring meat avoidance weaker than the groups with lower meat intake (i.e., Flexitarians and Moderates). While norm perceptions differed between meat consumer groups, the pattern of contextual differences is similar for these meat consumer groups. Our findings underscore the importance of considering contexts and meat consumer groups in efforts to reduce meat consumption.

Wolfswinkel, S., Raghoebar, S., Dagevos, H., de Vet, E., & Poelman, M. P. (2024). How perceptions of meat consumption norms differ across contexts and meat consumer groups. Appetite, 107227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107227

Abstract:

Previous research suggests that age-related differences in pro-environmental behavior (PEB) and the emotional reactions to climate change could originate from generational as well as aging effects and can be influenced by the opportunities and constraints of life circumstances and resources. The current research aimed to better understand age differences through examining the eco-emotions and PEBs of different age groups, and identifying latent groups differing on these variables. In Sample 1, adults from the general population (n = 4,685) filled out questionnaires assessing eco-anxiety, eco-guilt, and ecological grief and answered 12 questions about their PEBs. In Sample 2 (A), the same PEB questions were answered by high school students (n = 112) and in Sample 2 (P) by one of their parents (n = 112). There were no age differences in the overall PEB score, but we found significant, nonlinear differences between age groups in almost all individual PEBs. Eco-friendly clothing and using greener transport were more common in the younger age groups, while older age groups had higher scores in conservation, recycling, reduced meat consumption, and boycotting. Students were less likely to recycle, use reusable bags, eat less meat and save water than their parents, but more likely to use greener transportation. Five latent groups emerged on the eco-emotions and PEB measures. Young adults had a higher probability of belonging to the medium/higher anxiety groups than the older generations, except for those in their 70s. Groups with higher emotional concern showed higher behavioral involvement. Since most participants showed a moderate level of worry, this emotional reaction appears a normative response to the climate crisis and also a possible starting point for promoting PEBs. The findings also suggest that each generation has its preferences in terms of PEBs, and it is worthwhile to address each of the different PEBs separately.

Ágoston, C., Balázs, B., Mónus, F., & Varga, A. (2024). Age differences and profiles in pro-environmental behavior and eco-emotions. International Journal of Behavioral Development. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254231222436

Abstract:

The relation between food and identity has not been investigated extensively in environmental research so far. People value food products not only for the material and concrete benefits, but also for what they symbolize to themselves and to the other members of the community. The aim of this study is to detect the predictable significance of eating behavior with identity and to observe how the production process of traditional food can restrict consumer choices towards a more sustainable process. The whole objective is to achieve a deep knowledge regarding the impact of strong food identity on food choices and on the spreading of novel foods for sustainable food consumption among adults. In this research some of the major values describing food choices have been selected to test the relation with identity to investigate the consequences on sustainable attitudes through the analysis of 396 questionnaires in Italy. From this study, a great symbolic value for food emerges. It seems closely linked to traditions and history and also a certain consumers’ reluctance to changing products when food production traditions can be undermined by sustainable practices. Changing strong tradition in food consumption requires the diffusion of a new awareness about quality dimensions such as generating new automatisms in food choices. Results from this manuscript could be of interest for policy-makers strategies to support initiatives which drive people to be conscious of the environmental effects of daily life and to nudge lifestyles towards a required track through socially conventional approaches.

Simeone, M., & Verneau, F. (2024). In support of framing food identity towards pro-environmental food choices through empirical evidence. Quality & Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-023-01826-1

Abstract:

A sustainable dietary transition requires knowledge of the drivers and barriers of dietary choices. We investigate the role of preferences for domestic food, as well as environmental and health concerns, as drivers for the consumption of red and white meat, fish, ready-made plant-based food products and self-identification as some type of meat reducer (flexitarian, vegetarian, or vegan). A survey of 1102 consumers was conducted in Norway with questions about food attitudes, beliefs and preferences regarding health, the environment and domestic food as well as dietary habits and demographics. The results from interval and logistic regression analyses show that stronger preferences for domestic food are associated with higher consumption of red meat and a lower likelihood of eating plant-based food and identifying as a meat reducer. Health concerns are associated with higher consumption of white meat and fish, and environmental concern is associated with lower consumption of white meat and a higher likelihood of eating plant-based food. The results also confirm previous research results that disbelief regarding the negative health and environmental impacts of meat correlate with higher meat consumption and a lower likelihood of eating plant-based food. In addition, we find that people who believe that Norway is a country primarily suited for livestock production have higher consumption of meat and a lower likelihood of eating plant-based food. We conclude that to make certain consumers transition away from meat, it is important to provide domestically produced, plant-based alternatives and to implement policy measures that will generate positive storylines of improved farmer livelihoods.

Milford, A. B., & Muiruri, S. W. (2024). The impact of consumers’ preferences for domestic food on dietary sustainability. Appetite, 107206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107206

Abstract:

Red meat production is one of the leading sources of carbon dioxide emission thus reducing meat production and consumption is crucial. Using a sample of American adults (n = 456), the link between right-wing sociopolitical ideologies and (i) attitudes towards red meat; (ii) willingness to reduce red meat consumption; (iii) willingness to pay more for red meat; (iv) belief about the impact of red meat consumption on the environment; and (v) and distrust (versus trust) of authorities was examined. Right-wing ideologies (i.e. right-wing-authoritarianism and social dominance orientation) were associated with more positive attitudes towards red meat, unwillingness to consume less red meat or pay more for red meat, disbelief that red meat negatively impacts the environment, and greater distrust of information from authorities that propose a link between red meat production and negative environmental impact. However, results varied by political ideology dimension. Findings suggest that attempts to alter peoples' red meat consumption—as part of a strategy for tackling climate change—must incorporate a nuanced understanding of the impact of sociopolitical ideologies on attitudes towards red meat consumption and the need to raise awareness about its impact on the environment.

Choma, B. L., Briazu, R. A., Asrani, V., Cojocariu, A., & Hanoch, Y. (2024). The politics of red meat consumption and climate change. Environmental Research Communications, 6(1), 011004. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad1c06

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the role of human values and pro-environmental, vegetarian and activist behaviors in the formation of, here called, Expanded Sustainable Behavior.

Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework was divided into five parts: Theory of Planned Behavior; Schwartz's Theory of Values; pro-environmental behavior; behavioral profile of vegetarians, and consumers as activists. Based on the theoretical framework, a framework was created based on the 10 hypotheses outlined in the study.

Method/design/approach: This is a survey carried out with 211 vegetarians and their variations. Data collection occurred through the application of a self-administered questionnaire, using non-probabilistic, cross-sectional sampling. Regarding the analysis, descriptive statistics, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques were used.

Results and conclusion: The results indicate that the values of self-transcendence and conservation do not influence pro-environmental attitudes. However, the values of self-enhancement and openness to change influence pro-environmental attitudes: the first in a negative way and the second in a positive way. Furthermore, pro-environmental behavior is formed by attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, being in line with what the TCP suggests. Regarding Expanded Sustainable Behavior, it was observed that pro-environmental behavior does not lead to vegetarian behavior. On the other hand, activism is positively influenced by pro-environmental and vegetarian behaviors.

Research implications: Based on the knowledge developed and presented in this study, it is expected to stimulate empirical research that analyzes sustainable behavior in its different dimensions, with its multiple influences, in addition to expanding the discussion on issues of sustainability and conscious consumption.

Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature as it proposes the concept of Expanded Sustainable Behavior which emerges from the chain of pro-environmental, vegetarian, and activist behaviors, as well as their connections and mutual influences. Thus, the study signals that it is possible to expand the analysis of sustainable behavior and study it with a diverse number of variables, covering both personal and collective dimensions.

Duarte, N. A., Romero, C. B. A., & Da Silva, C. R. M. (2024). The role of human values and pro-environmental, vegetarian and activist behaviors in the formation of expanded sustainable behavior. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(4), e4688. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n4-050

Abstract:

High meat consumption in Western societies is a major contributor to climate change, environmental damage, and health costs. One way to reduce meat consumption is through nudges in staff restaurants. Though previous studies have shown that nudges can influence consumer choices, there is a lack of comparative studies of the different types of nudges in the context of staff restaurants. The present study thus aimed to compare, individually and in combination, the effectiveness of a written prompt, a visual prompt (the Swiss Food Pyramid), and a dynamic social norm in encouraging consumers to more frequently choose meatless menu options. A 1 × 8 between-subjects design was applied, and an online choice experiment (n = 2198) was conducted, where the participants chose 15 times between a meat menu, a vegetarian menu, and a salad buffet. The participants who encountered the written prompt combined with the visual prompt chose the meatless option more often than those in the control condition. The written prompt contributed most to the intervention’s effectiveness. Although the effect size was small, this intervention combination is worth testing in the field, as it proved effective for all participants regardless of their psychological characteristics.

Zumthurm, S., & Stämpfli, A. (2024). A diet-related health prompt with the Swiss Food Pyramid as a nudge to reduce meat consumption. Food Quality and Preference, 115, 105105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105105

Abstract:

Understanding behaviours driving recent declines in UK meat consumption is essential for achieving the Climate Change Committee’s 20% reduction target by 2030. This study explored trends in meat-eating days, daily meat-eating meal occasions, and portion size of meat from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008/09-2018/19). Meat consumption was assessed using 4-day food diaries. Trends were assessed with Poisson and linear regression models, while decomposition analysis quantified relative contributions to overall reductions. Meat-eating days decreased from 3.27 (0.04) to 3.03 (0.05) (P < 0.001), daily occasions decreased from 1.24 (0.02) to 1.13 (0.03) (P = 0.01), and portion size decreased from 85.8g (1.85) to 76.1g (1.78) (P < 0.001). Reduction in portion size had the largest impact on total meat consumption (57%), followed by days (37%) and occasions (6%). Our findings suggest smaller meat portions significantly contributed to decreasing UK meat consumption. Dissecting these behaviours can inform interventions to reduce meat consumption, aligning with reduction targets.

Vonderschmidt, A., Bellows, A., Jaacks, L., Alexander, P., Green, R., & Stewart, C. (2024). Contribution of meat-free days, meat-free meals, and portion sizes to declines in meat consumption in the UK. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3749185/v1

Abstract:

Prior research shows that adopting simple dietary substitutions (e.g., replacing beef with poultry or plant-based entrees) can improve dietary quality and reduce the negative environmental consequences of food production, but little is known about how to encourage people to adopt these substitutions. This study aimed to examine reactions to messages encouraging healthy, sustainable dietary substitutions among emerging adults ages 18–25. We conducted four online focus groups with a diverse sample of US emerging adults (n = 28; 61% female). Focus groups explored emerging adults’ reactions to messages encouraging them to adopt three target dietary substitutions: replacing beef and pork with poultry and plant-based entrees; replacing juice with whole fruit; and replacing dairy milk with non-dairy milk. We transcribed discussions verbatim and adopted a thematic approach to analyzing the transcripts. Results showed that participants perceived messages to be most effective at encouraging the target dietary substitutions when the messages: encouraged specific, achievable dietary changes; linked these dietary changes to clear consequences; included personally relevant content; included statistics; were succinct; and used a positive tone. Across the target dietary substitutions, two message topics (small changes, big benefits, which emphasized how small dietary changes can have large positive health and environmental impacts, and warning, which discussed the negative health and environmental impacts of dietary choices) were generally perceived to be most effective. A few participants expressed doubt that the target dietary substitutions would have meaningful environmental impacts. Results suggest that campaign messages to encourage healthy, sustainable dietary substitutions may be more effective if the messages make the target dietary substitutions seem achievable and use statistics to clearly describe the positive impacts of making these changes.

Grummon, A. H., Zeitlin, A. B., & Lee, C. J. Y. (2024). Developing messages to encourage healthy, sustainable dietary substitutions: A qualitative study with US emerging adults. Appetite, 107223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107223

Abstract:

Limited research exists on how the transition towards more sustainable eating takes place at the meso-level of family decision-making, or how children and adolescents engage in and possibly influence the process towards more sustainable diets in families. In this paper, we study how public recommendations that encourage reducing the consumption of meat for the benefit of both health and climate are interpreted, negotiated, and acted upon in Danish families with adolescents (aged 15–20) residing at home. We use novel methodological stimuli, including vignettes and a visual sorting task, embedded in qualitative, in-depth interviews to elicit data on parents' and adolescents’ everyday meat consumption/reduction behaviours. Findings reveal that a desire to uphold harmony and family cohesion serves as simultaneous drivers and barriers to reducing meat consumption. Further, we identify barriers to change in the gendered work hidden in the tasks of planning the integration of more sustainable, green dishes into the meal repertoires. Implications are drawn for social marketers, marketers, and public policymakers, encouraging these to use insights into family food decision-making processes as a lever to facilitate the needed green transition of diets in family households.

Hesselberg, J., Pedersen, S., & Grønhøj, A. (2024). Meat reduction meets family reality: Negotiating sustainable diets in households with adolescents. Appetite, 195, 107213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107213

Abstract:

Regulation of meat consumption appears to be a relevant public policy to limit diet-related greenhouse gas emissions. However, the real impact of such a policy (e.g., tax) on human health and nutrition remains uncertain, especially for underprivileged individuals. Based on representative data from France, we estimate potential trend differences in the association between meat consumption and nutritional outcomes, such as body mass index (BMI) and unhealthy food intake, according to individual educational attainment. We reveal that among adults with low education levels, reduced meat consumption was significantly associated with a higher BMI, a higher risk of being overweight, and greater intake of ultra-processed foods, sweet drinks, and sugar. By contrast, reduced meat consumption was associated with healthier nutritional status for the most educated individuals. These results are robust to several measurements of socioeconomic status (SES) such as household income, occupation, and financial insecurity perception. In summary, high-SES individuals may be more prone to replace meat with healthy alternatives, whereas low-SES individuals may tend to replace meat with energy-dense foods and beverages, including ultra-processed foods. In terms of the contribution to science and society, this study is the first to show that SES changes the relationship between meat consumption and nutritional outcomes. Our findings call for future research on this topic to provide actionable recommendations to implement a fair and healthy food transition.

Levasseur, P., Mariotti, F., Denis, I., & Davidenko, O. (2024). Potential unexpected effects of meat reduction in diet: Could educational attainment influence meat substitution strategies? Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 12(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-024-00298-7

Abstract:

This study introduces an agent-based model (ABM) to analyse beef consumption trends in Brazil from 2017 to 2020. The ABM assesses the influence of price changes, specifically a rise in beef prices, on consumption behaviours and their diverse impacts across income groups. By integrating demographic and socioeconomic factors, the model replicates beef consumption decisions within Brazil. Findings show that consumer preferences are highly responsive to beef prices, with consumption decreasing as prices increase. A 60 % price increase due to a US$ 42/tCO2e tax could potentially reduce beef consumption by 55 %, cutting livestock-related greenhouse gas emissions by 53 % in Brazil. However, this tax would disproportionately affect lower-income individuals, worsening social inequality. To address potential food insecurity and ensure adequate nutrition for all, the consequences of food price interventions must be considered. Additional measures, such as tax incentives for plant-based alternatives, should be adopted to encourage suitable dietary choices. By thoughtfully assessing pricing intervention impacts, policymakers can support climate change mitigation, promote reduced meat consumption, and ensure fair access to nutritious food. This research improves our understanding of dietary decisions, the efficacy of pricing interventions, and their implications for affordability and social equality, with relevance beyond Brazil to nations facing similar challenges.

Tavares, M., Cunha, B. S. L., Cruz, T., Morais, T. N., & Portugal-Pereira, J. (2024). The influence of pricing interventions in food choices on Brazil: An agent-based modelling approach. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 44, 250–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.12.015

Abstract:

The shift to a vegetarian diet has multiple benefits, including the promotion of public health, sustainability, and animal welfare. Despite these advantages, vegetarian food choices often provoke controversy, particularly on social media platforms. On International Vegetarian Day 2021, renowned Chinese actress Zhang Jingchu endorsed a documentary titled “Vegetarian” on Weibo, igniting widespread discussion among Chinese netizens. Considering China’s deep cultural and practical roots in vegetarianism, the predominantly negative response to the documentary was surprising. This study employs frame analysis to dissect the portrayal of vegetarianism in the documentary, utilizing topic modeling based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation and sentiment analysis to examine over 26,000 related comments. Our findings indicate that the documentary predominantly utilizes health and ethical frames to represent vegetarianism, with a greater emphasis on ethical considerations. Topic modeling of the comments uncovered 14 topics that reflect netizens’ dissatisfaction with various facets of the vegetarian advocacy presented in the documentary. Moreover, the comments reveal three primary strategies netizens use to justify meat consumption and alleviate cognitive dissonance: rationalization of meat eating, skepticism towards vegetarianism, and resistance to the advocacy message of “Vegetarian”. The results imply that for vegetarian advocacy to be more effective, it should align with local everyday concerns, food culture, and the current stage of social development.

Zeng, G., Chen, Z., & Zhong, S. (2024). “We Chinese just want meat!”: An analysis of Chinese netizens’ reactions to vegetarian advocacy. Food Quality and Preference, 115, 105128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105128

Abstract:

Rising demand and urbanization have led to the global increase and intensification of livestock production. Intensive production has harmful effects on the environment, public health (due to the emergence of zoonotic diseases), and animal welfare. In order to better understand how livestock production intensifies as countries develop and incomes rise, we examine the relationship between income per capita and intensification of poultry and cattle, using the states of India as a study region. We also replicate this analysis at the district level to test whether the relationship holds at different spatial scales. We identify outlying states and districts to see if there are policies that can keep agriculture production largely extensive, even as economic growth occurs. The results support the relationship of income being positively correlated with the proportion of livestock in intensive conditions. However, there are notable outlier states which have grown wealthy while still maintaining largely extensive production, indicating that there may be some cases where economic growth can occur without intensification.

Khire, I., & Ryba, R. (2024). Can states become wealthier while keeping livestock intensification low? Evidence from india. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.1106.v1

Abstract:

To confront current sustainability challenges, the European Commission aims to transition towards plant-based diets as well as shorter, regionalized value chains. Plant-based meat and dairy alternatives (PBAs) are seen as an important tool in the food system transition, replacing protein from animals with high-protein plant sources such as legumes. However, regionalized PBA value chains require the co-occurrence of legume producers, PBA processors, and consumers, and we lack understanding of the current status and future potential for such value chains in Europe. In this article, we integrate publicly-available datasets with a web-derived inventory of PBA processor locations to map the regional strength of PBA value chains across Europe. Using processors’ visions and employee interviews, we complement the spatial analysis with an exploratory assessment of how actors perceive their role in a plant-based food system transition.Regions in north-western Europe demonstrate (moderately) strong value chains for regionalized PBAs, yet few regions contain all three value chain nodes. The absence of PBA processors is the most widespread barrier for more regional value chains (particularly in Eastern Europe), suggesting a need for infrastructure and policies that incentivize innovation in the value chain and new connections between legume producers, PBA processors, and consumers. PBA processors in our sample express diverse values and therefore could play complementary roles in sustainability transitions. However, global processors are markedly less likely to have visions related to systemic change. Together, our results showcase the potential to expand regionalized PBA value chains to improve sustainability throughout the EU, but regionalisation may not be possible everywhere, highlighting the need for a cross-scale and context-specific approach to plant-based protein transitions.

Schulp, C. J. E., Ulug, C., Stratton, A. E., Williams, T. G., & Verburg, P. (2024). Linking production, processing, and consumption of plant-based protein alternatives in Europe. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4704670

Abstract:

Meat and dairy production and consumption are the subject of ongoing public debates that touch on various sustainability issues such as biodiversity loss, climate change, animal welfare, and social and health aspects. Despite extensive discussions specifically relating to the environmental impacts of livestock farming in conjunction with animal welfare aspects, there have been no substantial changes in production or consumption patterns. Moreover, the focus of extant research is usually on consumers' responses to public concerns around livestock production. In this study, we shed light on the discrepancy between the normative discourse and action of relevant value chain actors with the help of Bandura's theory of moral disengagement, which allows us to identify mechanisms that contribute to the perpetuation of unsustainable production and consumption patterns. In particular, we focus on the shifting of responsibility between actors in the normatively charged field of sustainable livestock production. We collected 109 media interviews on meat and dairy production and consumption from the years 2020–2022, including interviews with actors from agriculture, processing industries, and food retail. Using qualitative content analysis, we investigated the role of moral disengagement in the media discourse on meat and dairy production and explored differences between actors in terms of moral disengagement. We found that shifting of responsibility shows a quasi-circular dynamic of being shifted from all actors to all, in our case most frequently to consumers, politics, and (diffuse) economic forces. In addition, our analysis showed the use of social justifications, beneficial comparisons, and euphemistic labelling to be common mechanisms of moral disengagement, constituting a collective problem within agri-food systems.

Schüßler, C., Nicolai, S., Stoll-Kleemann, S., & Bartkowski, B. (2024). Moral disengagement in the media discourses on meat and dairy production systems. Appetite, 107269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107269

Abstract:

Non-commercial chickens may be the third most numerous pets in Western countries. Yet, to date, there is limited research into their welfare or the care-taking practices and attitudes of their guardians. Using a quantitative questionnaire, this study investigated non-commercial chicken owners’ care-taking practices, attitudes, and relationship types with their chickens. Additionally, the study investigated barriers to optimizing non-commercial chicken welfare. Specific questions were asked regarding niche care-taking practices, including the use of Suprelorin® implants. With 2000+ responses, this study found variable care-taking practices, yet largely positive attitudes towards chickens, and a “personal” (though not “close personal”) owner–chicken relationship, as defined by the Owner–Bird Relationship Scale. The Chicken Attitude Scale, Owner–Bird Relationship Scale, and Care Series scores were found to be correlated with each other, with coefficients ranging from 0.176 to 0.543 (p < 0.001). “Preventing commercial chickens from going to slaughter” was a key motive for chicken care by 56.1% of respondents, with 69.6% of respondents stating they cared for ex-commercial chickens. This study found a higher prevalence of reported poor health conditions and number of deaths relative to prior studies, and egg yolk peritonitis emerged as a leading health condition and cause of death. Moreover, 68.0% had not heard of Suprelorin® implants, and only 6.3% used implants. Most (76.4%) chicken carers followed an omnivorous diet that includes chicken meat/eggs. The results reinforced previous findings concerning a need for more avian-specialist, locally available, and affordable veterinary care for chickens. Research into Suprelorin® implants, rooster-specific care, and tailored requirements of caring for ex-commercial chickens is recommended.

Mace, J. L., & Knight, A. (2024). From the backyard to our beds: The spectrum of care, attitudes, relationship types, and welfare in non-commercial chicken care. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020288

Abstract:

n/a

Powell, B. (2024). Understanding key narratives underpinning public opinions of animals’ “roles” in society. Animal Think Tank. https://animalthintank.zapier.app/narrative-insights-report-jan

Abstract:

n/a

Faunalytics. (2024). Faunalytics Index January 2024. Faunalytics. https://faunalytics.org/faunalytics-index-january-2024/

Abstract:

We present representative survey data from 1,542 Swiss citizens. Data were collected across the three largest Swiss language regions (German, French and Italian) in autumn 2022. In the main part of the survey, we collected qualitative and quantitative data on their perception of agricultural policy goals and potential trade-offs. For this, participants were first asked to name the three most important agricultural policy goals. Next, they rated eight pre-defined agricultural policy goals for importance and how much budget they would allocate to the pursuit of each goal if they were to decide about the governmental budget or subsidies. For the goal conflicts, the eight goals were combined into 16 conflicting pairs, where participants were to decide which of the conflicting goals they preferred. Further, we collected information regarding who citizens considered as responsible for achieving agricultural policy goals. The survey was also used to collect personal information about the participating citizens including information such as gender, age, education level, place of residence or whether participant had (previous) work experience in agriculture and how they placed themselves regarding their political orientation on a left-right scale. We further collected behavioural data including diet, that is, meat consumption frequency and shopping behaviour, where we asked participants what attributes were important for them when buying food. At the end of the survey, we used existing and new scales to measure participants’ perception of farmers, meat commitment and their perception regarding animal welfare and environmental protection using the Ecological Welfare Scale. For this study, ethical approval was obtained from ETH Zurich ethical commission (application EK-2022-N-174).

Ammann, J., Mack, G., Irek, J., Finger, R., & El Benni, N. (2024). Data on Swiss citizens preferences and perceptions of agricultural policy. Data in Brief, 110042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.110042

Abstract:

Red meat production is one of the leading sources of carbon dioxide emission thus reducing meat production and consumption is crucial. Using a sample of American adults (n = 456), the link between right-wing sociopolitical ideologies and (i) attitudes towards red meat; (ii) willingness to reduce red meat consumption; (iii) willingness to pay more for red meat; (iv) belief about the impact of red meat consumption on the environment; and (v) and distrust (versus trust) of authorities was examined. Right-wing ideologies (i.e. right-wing-authoritarianism and social dominance orientation) were associated with more positive attitudes towards red meat, unwillingness to consume less red meat or pay more for red meat, disbelief that red meat negatively impacts the environment, and greater distrust of information from authorities that propose a link between red meat production and negative environmental impact. However, results varied by political ideology dimension. Findings suggest that attempts to alter peoples' red meat consumption—as part of a strategy for tackling climate change—must incorporate a nuanced understanding of the impact of sociopolitical ideologies on attitudes towards red meat consumption and the need to raise awareness about its impact on the environment.

Choma, B. L., Briazu, R. A., Asrani, V., Cojocariu, A., & Hanoch, Y. (2024). The politics of red meat consumption and climate change. Environmental Research Communications, 6(1), 011004. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad1c06

Abstract:

This study extends the historical record of faith/spirituality-inspired social activism, an under-explored area of advocacy, by examining such campaigning for environmental and animal rights and the worldview and model of public relations that guide such efforts. A combination of qualitative methods was used to obtain data on public relations as conceptualized and practiced including a textual analysis of historical material and institutional media. Throughout history faith/spirituality has inspired Indigenous peoples, governments, and individuals to advocate for environmental and animal rights, playing a central role in the formation and practice of a worldview, caritas, embracing an approach to relationship-building – covenantal stewardship – that guides behavior in a pro-social manner toward an inclusive set of “publics” – humans living, unborn, and ancestral, animals, and the natural world as well as alternative views of public relations. Moreover, individuals of faith/spirituality have created NGOs to institutionalize such activism. The influence of faith/spirituality upon environmental and animal rights activism points toward a re-thinking of the nature of public relations and its “publics” given emerging sensitivities to the principles of inclusion necessary for the harmonious functioning of society and requires a new definition, worldview, and model of practice.

Tilson, D. J. (2024). All creatures great and small: Faith, spirituality, environmental-animal rights activism and public relations as covenantal stewardship. Public Relations Inquiry. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X231222031

Abstract:

The number of vegetarians and vegans has been growing worldwide, increasing the food choices available to this public in the market. One way to recognise these products is the presence of a certification label, which guarantees, or should guarantee, the absence of animal ingredients. Despite the growing demand and supply of certified vegan foods, there is no overview on the nutritional composition of these products in Brazil. Thus, a survey was conducted to evaluate the labels of ninety-five certified vegan products from the groups: breads, cookies and crackers, meat substitutes and dairy substitutes. Carbohydrates were the most present macronutrient in all food groups, except for plant-based beverages. Protein was highest in meat substitutes, while saturated fat was highest in cheese and cookies/crackers substitutes. Sodium was found in higher amounts in the meat substitutes, reaching a maximum value of 510.64 mg/100 g. Breads and cookies/crackers presented twenty and sixteen different types of flours, respectively. Refined wheat flour was the most present (48%) in bread, and refined rice flour (96%) in cookies/crackers. None of the cookies/crackers contained wheat flour. In meat substitutes, the main protein sources were soy, lentil, and chickpea, with a wide variety of spices and natural ingredients (n = 49). Most of the plant-based beverages (60%) had no added sugar, however, all of the yogurt substitutes contained sugar or sweetener. Additives were present in 92% of breads, 100% of cookies/crackers, 33% of meat substitutes, and 70% of dairy substitutes. Eighty-one percent of the products were classified as ultra-processed. As conclusion, there is a great variety of ingredients used in the products, emphasising the need to read and understand the label when choosing a food. Furthermore, the results indicate the commercialisation of more ‘natural’ products, given the variety of fresh and dried foods among the ingredients. However, there should be caution in the consumption of certified foods due to the high percentage of ultra-processed products, with elevated presence of additives and high sodium content. In addition, they should not be used as simple substitutes for conventional foods, due to their nutritional composition.

Lage Policarpo, N., Teodoro, A. J., & Nakajima, V. M. (2024). Behind vegan label: What’s really in some certified vegan products in Brazil. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 59(3), 1814–1828. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16934

Abstract:

Background

The adoption of plant-based and vegan diets is on the rise, paralleling heightened awareness of animal welfare, environmental issues related to climate change, and potential health concerns associated with consumption of animal-source foods. However, plant-based diets are not inherently healthy. Similar to omnivorous diets, they may contain excessive amounts of sugar, sodium, and saturated fats, or lack diversity. Moreover, vegans might be at risk of inadequate intake of certain vitamins and minerals commonly found in foods they avoid, such as riboflavin, niacin, cobalamin, vitamin D, iodine, iron, zinc, calcium, selenium, and long-chain n-3 fatty acids. To address this, we developed the VEGANScreener, a tool designed to assess the diet quality of vegans in Europe.

Methods

Our approach combined best practices in developing diet quality metrics with scale development approaches and involved: a) narrative literature synthesis, b) evidence evaluation by an international panel of experts, and c) translation of evidence into a diet screener. We employed a modified Delphi technique to gather opinions from an international expert panel, which involved identifying an item pool across various diet quality domains, two online feedback and voting rounds, and a concluding online consensus meeting transforming items into measurable dietary quality indicators.

Results

Twenty five experts in the fields of nutrition, epidemiology, preventive medicine and diet assessment participated in the first round, and 19 in the subsequent round. Initially, these experts provided feedback on a pool of 38 proposed items from the literature review. Consequently, 35 revised items, with 17 having multiple versions, were suggested for further consideration. In the second round, 29 items were retained, and any residual issues were addressed in the final consensus meeting. The ultimate screener draft encompassed 29 questions and one sub-question; 17 of these questions focus on foods and nutrients to promote, and 12 (plus one sub-question) address foods and nutrients to limit. In total, the screener contains 24 food- and five nutrient-based questions.

Conclusion

We have elucidated the development process of the VEGANScreener, a novel diet quality screener for vegans. Future endeavors involve contrasting the VEGANScreener against benchmark diet assessment methodologies and nutritional biomarkers and testing its acceptance. Once validated, this instrument holds potential for deployment as a self-assessment application for vegans and as a preliminary dietary screening and counseling tool in healthcare settings.

Kronsteiner-Gicevic, S., Bogl, L. H., Wakolbinger, M., Müller, S., Dietrich, J., Keyzer, W., Bullón-Vela, V., Selinger, E., Keller, V., Tabar, A. M., Asif, T., Craig, L., Kyle, J., Schlesinger, S., Köder, C., Ouradova, A., Henikova, M., Lippevelde, W., Cahova, M., … Schernhammer, E. (2024). Development of the VEGANScreener, a tool for a quick diet quality assessment among vegans in Europe. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3710389/v1

Abstract:

Narratives can be powerful tools for inspiring action on pressing societal issues such as climate change. While social science theories offer frameworks for understanding the narratives that arise within collective movements, these are rarely applied to the vast data available from social media platforms, which play a significant role in shaping public opinion and mobilizing collective action. This gap in the empirical evaluation of online narratives limits our understanding of their relationship with public response. In this study, we focus on plant-based diets as a form of pro-environmental action and employ natural language processing to operationalize a theoretical framework of moral narratives specific to the vegan movement. We apply this framework to narratives found in YouTube videos promoting environmental initiatives such as Veganuary, Meatless March, and No Meat May. Our analysis reveals that several narrative types, as defined by the theory, are empirically present in the data. To identify narratives with the potential to elicit positive public engagement, we used text processing to estimate the proportion of comments supporting collective action across narrative types. Video narratives advocating social fight, whether through protest or through efforts to convert others to the cause, are associated with a stronger sense of collective action in the respective comments. These narrative types also demonstrate increased semantic coherence and alignment between the message and public response, markers typically associated with successful collective action. Our work offers new insights into the complex factors that influence the emergence of collective action, thereby informing the development of effective communication strategies within social movements.

Pera, A., & Aiello, L. M. (2024). Narratives of collective action in YouTube’s discourse on veganism. ArXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.09210

Abstract:

Plant-based diets are quickly gaining popularity for their benefits to animal welfare, the environment, and public health. Compared to meat-eaters, meat-abstainers such as vegetarians and vegans are especially motivated by animal rights and the environment. However, little is known about the motivational and psychological factors that distinguish vegetarians from vegans, and what prevents vegetarians to shift towards a fully plant-based diet. In a sample of vegans (n = 335) and vegetarians (n = 182), we investigated a) motives for reducing or quitting meat consumption and b) motives for reducing or quitting animal product (dairy and egg products) consumption, as well as moral psychological and social-contextual factors that may explain potential differences. Results demonstrate that vegetarians and vegans tend to be similar in their motives to abstain from meat consumption and are most strongly motivated by animal rights. However, vegetarians are less motivated by health, environmental, and especially animal rights for dairy/egg reduction compared to meat reduction and compared to vegans. Lower moral concern for animals, stronger beliefs in human supremacy over animals, and heightened veganism threat among vegetarians (vs. vegans) partly explained why vegetarians were less strongly motivated by animal rights for dairy/egg reduction. Human supremacy beliefs also explained differences between vegetarians and vegans in health and environmental motives for dairy/egg reduction. Furthermore, vegetarians reported significantly less social support for plant-based diets and perceived more practical barriers to plant-based diets than vegans. These findings reveal meaningful differences in the motivational and psychological profiles of vegetarians and vegans and highlight the value of distinguishing between motives for meat-free diets and motives for plant-based diets.

Dhont, K., & Ioannidou, M. (2024). Similarities and differences between vegetarians and vegans in motives for meat-free and plant-based diets. Appetite, 195, 107232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107232

Abstract:

The study investigates the behavioral manifestations of the “Theory of Food” (ToF), a novel theoretical framework centered on the early development of food perceptions. The ToF posits that childhood experiences with food shape cognitive networks influencing adult dietary choices. Stemming from the “Theory of Mind,” the ToF hypothesizes that individuals construct an associative world of food images and representations mirroring the socio-cognitive world shaped by proper theory of mind development. The study, involving 249 healthy adults, employs the Cognitive Food Preference Questionnaire (CFPQ) and the Adult Food Preference Profile (AFPP) to explore the correlation between childhood and adult food preferences across diet groups (omnivores, vegetarians, and vegans). Results reveal robust correlations in omnivores, varied patterns in vegetarians, and mixed outcomes in vegans. Notably, omnivores show correlations in grains, fast food, dairy products, vegetables, meat, soft drinks, and snack consumption. Vegetarians exhibit correlations in grains, fast food, dairy products, vegetables, snacks, and, surprisingly, meat consumption. Vegans display correlations in grains, fast food, vegetables, and snacks. The study suggests that childhood dietary habits tend to influence adult food choices, offering insights for future research in the field of theory of food (ToF).

Horovitz, O. (2024). Theory of food: Unravelling the lifelong impact of childhood dietary habits on adult food preferences across different diet groups. Nutrients, 16(3), 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030428