March 2024

Abstract:

Background

In the context of population expansion, resource scarcity, and environmental crises, people are increasingly recognizing the importance of the nutritional value and sustainability of dietary choices. This growing awareness has led the food industry to seek alternative protein sources, offering the potential to partially replace traditional animal-based proteins like meat and dairy. This helps meet the rising global demand for food while reducing our excessive reliance on finite resources and lessening the burden on the environment. Blue (aquatic) foods, a category of food with a long history of consumption and excellent nutritional value, not only provide ample protein and nutrients to 3.2 billion people worldwide but also come with a range of benefits, including a smaller environmental footprint, making them particularly intriguing.

Scope and approach

This review covers the latest developments and innovative technologies related to alternative proteins from aquatic sources. We focus on methods for extracting and processing algal proteins and explore how cell-cultured techniques are applied in seafood production.

Key findings and conclusions

Blue food-based alternative proteins offer a potential solution to address food shortages and promote sustainability. The extraction of algal proteins and the use of cell-cultured seafood production can overcome regional limitations and provide essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin B12, and minerals in a safer and more environmentally friendly manner. Lab-grown meat and seafood shows promise as a developing technology, but it is still in its early stages and faces significant technical challenges. These emerging technologies are poised to further advance the development of alternative proteins from aquatic sources, opening up more possibilities for sustainable food production and healthier dietary choices.

Li, Y., Xiang, N., Zhu, Y., Yang, M., Shi, C., Tang, Y., Sun, W., Sheng, K., Liu, D., & Zhang, X. (2024). Blue source-based food alternative proteins: Exploring aquatic plant-based and cell-based sources for sustainable nutrition. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 147, 104439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104439 

Abstract

The call to replace animal food products with plant-based products is increasing, mainly for environmental, ethical, and health reasons. To develop plant-based alternatives that will be accepted and consumed, it is important to understand how consumers perceive them. Many studies have examined consumers’ perceptions of meat and meat alternatives, and some have investigated how these perceptions differ from objective evaluations. However, few studies have addressed consumers’ perceptions of dairy products and plant-based dairy alternatives (PBDA). Therefore, this study investigated how Swiss consumers perceived commercially available dairy and PBDA product concepts in terms of their healthiness and environmental friendliness and whether their perceptions were consistent with objective evaluations (life-cycle assessment (LCA) and nutrient profiling) of the real products. In an online survey, 518 participants rated 7 dairy and 9 PBDA product concepts, including milk, cheese, and yogurt, as well as their plant-based alternatives. The results suggest that consumers overestimate the healthiness and environmental friendliness of dairy, especially hard cheese, while underestimating those of PBDA, especially soy, in contrast to LCA and nutrient profiling scores. PBDA are also not perceived as automatically healthier or environmentally friendlier just because they are milk-free. Even though PBDA are niche products and consumers seem skeptical of new products that replace traditional ones, their potential for widespread adoption might increase in the future depending on consumers healthiness and environmental friendliness perceptions thereof.

Giacone, L., Siegrist, M., Stadelmann, A., & Hartmann, C. (2024). Consumers’ perceptions of healthiness and environmental friendliness of plant-based and dairy product concepts. Food and Humanity, 2, 100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foohum.2024.100288 

Abstract

The  increasing  issues  that  conventional  livestock  production  faces  in  terms  of  resource consumption, animal welfare, and environmental effect are driving up demand for sustainable sources of protein in the worldwide market. This study explores the novel idea of "beef rice," a high-protein, cell-cultured dish created by researchers at Yonsei University in South Korea. Combining the advantages of plant-based and cell-cultured meat substitutes, beef rice has a higher nutritious content and a lower carbon impact.We include background information on the need for sustainable protein sources, a summary of the current state of  cell-cultured  meat  and  plant-based  substitutes,  and  an  introduction  to  the  idea  of  beef  rice  and  its possible benefits in the introduction. The special method of cultivating cow muscle and fat cells inside rice grains—which act as a scaffold for cell growth—is described in the methods section. We also examine the nutritional value of beef rice and contrast this manufacturing method with other methods of cultivating meat in cells.The advantages of producing beef rice for the environment are highlighted in the results and discussion section. Beef rice produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions and uses a great deal less energy, water, and land than traditional beef production. When the nutritional values of regular rice, conventional beef, and beef rice are compared, it can be seen that while the protein content of beef rice is still lower than that of conventional beef, it does include more fat and protein per 100 grams. Still, the researchers think that more refinement could make beef rice's protein content higher.The uses for beef rice are numerous and diverse. Due to its short growing season, little resource needs, and excellent nutritional content, it is a good option for military rations, space food, and food aid initiatives. Notwithstandingthese benefits, the effective commercialization of beef rice will still require consideration of several obstacles and potential paths.In order to gain consumer acceptance, sensory qualities including taste, texture, and smell must be addressed. Although the texture and scent of the existing beef rice are marginally different from regular rice, further study may concentrate on enhancing these sensory aspects. Prior to beef rice being a food product that can be sold commercially, there are still issues that need to be resolved, such as increasing production and getting past regulatory barriers.Ethical and consumer acceptability play a major role in the launch of any new  food  technology  successfully.  Customers  who  are  concerned  about  the  moral  ramifications  of conventional  livestock  production  and  genetically  modified  organisms  may  find  beef  rice  to  be  more agreeable because it does not require animal killing or genetic manipulation. On the other hand, it is crucial to communicate with the public in an honest and open manner regarding the advantages and methods of producing beef rice.To sum up, this study report provides a thorough examination of the advancement, possibilities,  and  obstacles  associated  with  cell-cultured  beef  rice  as  a  high-protein,  sustainable  food substitute. Although there are challenges  ahead, the manufacture of sustainable protein from  beef rice presents a bright prospect. It is important to investigate the significance of beef rice in the larger context of sustainable protein substitutes. Additionally, prospects for future research and development should be on refining  and  commercializing  this  novel  technology.  Through  promoting  cooperation  among  scientists, industry executives, and policymakers, we may fully realize the potential of beef rice and make a positive impact on a more secure and sustainable global food chain.

George, A. S. (2024). Cultivating sustainability: The development and potential of cell-cultured beef rice as a novel high-protein food alternative. https://puirj.com/index.php/research/article/view/168/130 

Abstract

The  rise  of  plant-based  meat  alternatives  presents  a  promising  avenue  for  addressing  environmental  concerns associated with conventional meat production while offering potential health benefits. Fermentation technology has emerged as a key approach in the production of these alternatives, enabling the creation of products that mimic the taste, texture, and nutritional profile of  meat.  This paper provides an overview of  fermentation technology in the context of plant-based meat alternatives,  focusing  on  its  environmental  and  health  implications.  It  examines  the  sustainability  aspects  of  fermentation compared to traditional meat production, explores the nutritional content and health effects of fermented plant-based meats, and  discusses  potential  challenges  and  opportunities  in  this  field.  By  evaluating  the  environmental  and  health  impacts  of fermentation technology in plant-based meat production, this paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of its role in shaping sustainable food systems.

Ghatage, A. A., Jadhav, A. V., & Bagwan, W. A. (2024). Fermentation technology in the production of plant-based meat alternatives: Environmental and health implications. https://www.museonaturalistico.it/index.php/journal/article/view/41/35 

Abstract

Industry 4.0 integrates the physical, digital, and biological realms by applying digital automation in systems, processes, and manufacturing facilities. Industry 4.0 is actively shaping the development of intelligent food processing industries in cultivated meat (CM) sector. This integration plays a crucial role in accelerating progress within the global CM sector, facilitating the achievement of its objectives related to food sustainability, security, human health, environmental concerns, and hygiene. Incorporating Industry 4.0 into CM manufacturing systems empowers upstream and downstream production processes to become more intelligent and capable of self-optimisation. However, enabling rapid adoption of Industry 4.0 by emerging startups and small to medium-sized enterprises in the CM industry necessitates a thorough understanding of prerequisites and evaluation of technological and biological limitations. Challenges include the substantial initial costs associated with establishing Industry 4.0 infrastructure, robust cybersecurity measures to ensure effective risk management, and acquiring skilled professionals proficient in both operational and maintenance roles. Integrating Industry 4.0 with the evolving CM sector presents an exciting opportunity to foster business-to-business investments across various domains, including local markets, export opportunities, and the broader global consumer ecosystem.

Kamalapuram, S. K., & Choudhury, D. (2024). Industry 4.0 technologies for cultivated meat manufacturing. Food Bioengineering, 3(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/fbe2.12080 

Abstract

In an era where corporate social responsibility (CSR) dominates organizational agendas, the dimension of team diversity remains largely overshadowed. Despite its transformative potential, the interplay between team diversity and consumer product acceptance has been under-represented in the literature. This study illuminates the potency of team diversity as a critical CSR dimension, revealing its impact on bolstering product acceptance. In the context of clean meat, two experimental studies demonstrate that consumers are more willing to try a product developed by a company with a more diverse team (e.g. race and gender), as such firms are likely to account for a diversity of perspectives, thus enhancing consumer trust. Additionally, perceived authenticity moderates this effect, in that consumers of more authentic brands will be more trusting, regardless of the level of team diversity. The study provides critical insights into how consumers’ perception of team diversity within the firm influences product adoption, and how both team diversity and perceived authenticity drive trustworthiness. The findings offer practical implications for marketers of clean meat and other novel products to accelerate market acceptance and consequently, address broader societal challenges, whilst emphasizing the importance of fostering diversity and promoting brand authenticity.

Jin, F. S., Arango, L., O’Rourke, A.-M., & Septianto, F. (2024). Innovation from inclusivity: The effect of team diversity on clean meat acceptance. Australasian Marketing Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241235414 

Abstract

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Siddiqui, S. A., Ngah, N., Wu, Y. S., Kalita, T., Yudhistira, B., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2024). Lab-grown insect meat – Chemical and biological insights – A comprehensive review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001131 

Abstract

Cultured meat (also referred to as cultivated, cell-based, or cell-cultured meat) is a novel food technology that is presented as a method of meat production without reliance on large-scale industrial farming. The pro-cultured meat narrative rests, in part, on a moral foundation: cultured meat is purported to alleviate the environmental and animal welfare harms associated with farmed meat. Despite this narrative, no research has examined which moral values underpin attitudes towards cultured meat. To examine this, we surveyed 1861 participants from the United States and Germany about their moral foundations and their attitudes towards cultured meat. In line with predictions, people who more strongly endorse moral values about purity (i.e., had higher scores on the purity subscale of the moral foundations scale) held more negative attitudes towards cultured meat. However, this relationship was much more consistent among participants from the United States than participants from Germany. Against predictions, attitudes towards cultured meat were not reliably associated with the extent to which people focus on harm as a moral foundation. The latter finding was particularly surprising in light of harm-reduction narratives around cultured meat. These findings demonstrate the need for a more nuanced discussion about, and understanding of, consumer concerns around cultured meat and the values that underpin them.

Wilks, M., Crimston, C. R., & Hornsey, M. J. (2024). Meat and morality: The moral foundation of purity, but not harm, predicts attitudes toward cultured meat. Appetite, 107297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107297 

Abstract

Alternative proteins have gained significant interest as useful adjuncts to facilitate the dietary transition towards more sustainable diets. However, negative consumer perceptions of these products hinder their widespread acceptance and adoption. With emerging research uncovering the role of multisensory factors in consumer perceptions and preferences, manipulating the materials of plates used to serve alternative proteins may help to address these concerns. This within-subject study investigated the influence of a natural material (banana leaf) and a synthetic material (stainless steel) on consumers’ perceptions and preference for mycoprotein. Specifically, perceived product naturalness, healthfulness and tastiness were assessed. Results demonstrated a significant favourable influence of a natural material on consumer perceptions of mycoprotein, compared to a synthetic material (all ps < 0.05). However, differences in preferences were not observed (p =.292). This suggests that other multisensory factors (e.g., product taste and mouthfeel) may play a more important role in consumer preferences for such products. Additionally, having a baseline preference for mycoprotein appeared to moderate the differences in ratings for perceived naturalness of mycoprotein (p <.001). Overall, these findings highlight the role of plate materials in consumer perceptions of mycoprotein and offer valuable insights to potentially develop more effective messaging strategies for these products.

Wei En Lim, S., & Kay Chai Tay, P. (2024). Meat-ing expectations? The influence of plate materials on consumer perceptions of novel mycoprotein. Food Quality and Preference, 117, 105169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105169 

Abstract

Limited knowledge exists concerning Aotearoa New Zealand (A-NZ) flexitarians and their respective motivators and barriers towards consumption of novel plant-based products (PBPs) heralded as aids for dietary meat reduction. This study aimed to determine if A-NZ flexitarians, who have tried novel PBPs, can be segmented based on different motivators and barriers to meat reduction and PBP consumption, if the consumer profile of the different segments varies according to identified gender, generation group, neophobia and meat and PBP consumption frequency. It also aimed to identify sensory characteristics novel PBPs need to possess to be attractive to A-NZ flexitarians and if these vary across segments. PBP-consuming flexitarians (n = 584), stratified according to age (Millennial/Gen X), identified gender and meat consumption frequency, completed an online survey regarding a) their level of agreement regarding statements related to factors driving PBP consumption and flexitarianism in general, and b) their satisfaction with the sensory experience of consuming current PBPs. ‘Tastes good’ was the top-rated factor for selecting PBPs for all consumers, but most were dissatisfied with the sensory characteristics of current PBPs. K-means cluster analysis identified three flexitarian segments based on similarities and differences in key motivations and barriers to consume PBPs. Attitudes and behaviours related to nutrition/health, and social status attained from eating both PBPs and meat products, accounted for most variation across the respondents. Overall, higher food neophobia was associated with higher PBP consumption, suggesting that neophobia itself is not necessarily a barrier to PBP consumption in A-NZ flexitarians. Improving the sensory profiles of PBPs whilst delivering nutritional requirements presented as key considerations for future product development and research. This research highlights the importance of understanding the distinct values, attitudes and behaviours of different flexitarian groups as opposed to generalised research aimed at flexitarians per se.

Weerawarna N.R.P., M., Giezenaar, C., Coetzee, P., Godfrey, A. J. R., Foster, M., & Hort, J. (2024). Motivators and barriers to plant-based product consumption across Aotearoa New Zealand flexitarians. Food Quality and Preference, 117, 105153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105153 

Abstract

Worldwide demand for the seafood is increasing due to ongoing population increase. Meeting of that demand with environmentally sustainable and good quality seafood is suffering and the reliance on traditional aquaculture and fishing methods is insufficient to supply demand. Therefore, it is crucial to use modern technology, like cell-based cultured seafood, to produce seafood. In addition to addressing the food shortage, seafood produced through these advanced technologies plays an important role in addressing various environmental, health, welfare, and ethical concerns associated with traditional aquaculture. This includes combating issues such as pollution, severe illnesses like cancer and cardiovascular diseases, zoonotic diseases, and the problem of overfishing. Although the trend of cell-based seafood has been established for several years, it has not grown as much as meat manufacturing and is not widely discussed. Consequently, to improve the production of substitute seafood, it is necessary to understand and overcome the associated limitations and challenges of these technologies.

Chandimali, N., Park, E. H., Bak, S.-G., Won, Y.-S., Lim, H.-J., & Lee, S.-J. (2024). Not seafood but seafood: A review on cell-based cultured seafood in lieu of conventional seafood. Food Control, 162, 110472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.110472 

Abstract

Nutri-Score is a front-of-pack label that visualizes the nutritional quality of food products from most healthy (A, dark green) to least healthy (E, red). However, concerns have been raised about discrepancies between Nutri-Score labels and dietary recommendations. Therefore, the Nutri-Score algorithm has recently been adapted. To investigate the effect of the new algorithm, the Nutri-Score of plant-based meat, fish, and dairy alternatives (n = 916) was calculated with the old and new algorithms. In addition, the nutritional values of meat and milk alternatives with Nutri-Score labels A and B were compared under the old and new conditions and subsequently assessed for alignment with the criteria of Dutch dietary guidelines. The new algorithm resulted in a reduction in the number of products with labels A and B, ranging from 5% (cold cuts alternatives) to 55% (milk alternatives). The nutritional composition of products with labels A and B improved for meat alternatives (lower energy and saturated fatty acid contents; higher protein content) and milk alternatives (lower energy, salt, and sugar contents; higher protein and fiber contents). Overall, the new Nutri-Score algorithm is more in line with the Dutch dietary guidelines for plant-based meat and dairy alternatives, though challenges remain with respect to micronutrient (iron, calcium, vitamin B12), salt, and protein contents.

Huybers, S., & Roodenburg, A. J. C. (2024). Nutri-Score of meat, fish, and dairy alternatives: A comparison between the old and new algorithm. Nutrients, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060892 

Abstract

This study set out to assess if presenting cultivated chicken in the context of a familiar meal, in a familiar dining setting, would motivate repeat consumption and recommendation. A survey of 107 diners was conducted at Huber's Butchery and Bistro in Singapore – the world's first butchery to serve cultivated meat – from April to June 2023. The findings showed that eating cultivated chicken significantly boosted post-consumption acceptance levels. In addition, cultivated chicken's tastiness may be a more important factor than its integration into a familiar meal or dish in fostering repeat consumption. Implications for the cultivated meat industry, limitations, and suggestions for future research are addressed.

Chong, M., Leung, A., & Fernandez, T. M. (2024). On-site sensory experience boosts acceptance of cultivated chicken. Future Foods, 9, 100326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100326 

Abstract

The demand of the red meatis continuously increasing leading to biodiversitydamage and pollution. To overcome this, plant-based meat offersa promising option due to its organoleptic qualities that resembles closely to those of an animal-based meat product. There are a variety of plant protein sources that can be used as an alternative to meat products. Plant-based diets are affordable and have several health benefits like it regulates blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular  disease  risk  and  lower  mortality.  The  popularity  of  plant-based  meat  substitutes  has  increased because  of  their  credibility  as  functional  and  healthy  alternatives.  In  addition  to  providing  a  similar  nutritional value,  the  creation  of  animal  meat  analogues  is  focused  on  altering  the  physical  features  of  meat  products  to increase  the  sustainability  of  these  products  through  appropriate  sensory  attributes.  The  composition  of  meat alternatives is influenced by the dosage and functioning of plant proteins. It is proven that meat alternatives contain 30%  of  protein  and  a  low  level  of  fat  which  is  a  fantastic  substitute  for  meat  from  a  nutritional  standpoint.  The physicochemical characteristics of the meat alternatives are manipulated by functional plant protein. In the present review,  we  have  discussed  various  types  of  plant-based  meats  available,  their  physicochemical  properties, environmental impact of animal-based meat and future prospective to increase demand and business of plant-based meat. 

Singh, S. B., Patil, R., Jadhav, V. K. Plant based meat products: A sustainable, promising alternative to conventional red meat. (2024). https://biomedicineonline.org/index.php/home/article/view/4136/1165 

Abstract

Purpose

This study examines the pull and push aspects of Koreans' sustainable consumption behaviors and their impact on their well-being since Koreans have recently shifted their consumption values toward healthier food, such as plant-based meat products.

Methodology

To analyze the interrelationships, the study uses two different models: the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Pull-Push Model (PPM). PLS-SEM was used to analyze the primary data collected from 159 vegans and vegetarians in Korea who responded to an online survey.

Findings

The findings indicate that pull factors have considerable beneficial impacts on the consumption behavior of consumers about plant-based meat products, whereas push factors do not have significant negative effects, except meat attachment. A consumer's personal life and the product itself significantly influence the consumer's level of well-being. By analyzing both pull and push factors, this study significantly contributes to the expanding research on consumers' environmentally responsible consumption practices. The study's findings could assist government officials and politicians in developing regulations that encourage people to consume more food that is produced sustainably. Promoting a company's wares can be accomplished by utilizing crucial aspects of businesses.

Implications

This study attempts to fill a gap in the literature by focusing on the push and pull factors of plant-based meat products on consumers' sustainable consumption behaviors, explored through the lens of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Pull-Push Model (PPM).

Kim, Y., & Zailani, S. (2024). Pull and push factors of Koreans’ sustainable consumption behaviours from plant-based meat products. Environmental Challenges, 15, 100886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2024.100886 

Abstract

Amid the growing concerns surrounding meat production and consumption, the consumption of meat alternatives has been steadily promoted over the past decade. Concurrently, an ongoing debate persists regarding the use of meat-related terminology on meat alternative products. The objective of this present focus group study was to investigate which aspects of meat alternatives are perceived as confusing and/or misleading according to Dutch consumers. Several elements that could contribute to misleading were identified, including the product name, product positioning and credence attributes. Other themes adressed include which elements influence consumers’ expectations of meat alternatives, and who bears responsibility in the food chain to ensure that meat alternative products do not mislead consumers. Unintentional purchases of meat alternatives were not reported in the studied population. However, consumers do appear to feel deceived by meat alternatives labelling. Therefore we also aimed to distinguish between legal and societal forms of deception. The findings confirm that using meat-like terminology could make meat alternatives more familiar and serve as a reference point for informing consumers about what to expect regarding sensory properties, preparation, and usage of these products.

Ketelings, L., Caanen, R., Havermans, R. C., Kremers, S. P. J., & de Boer, A. (2024). Seductive or deceiving? A focus group study on perspectives and expectations of consumers on meat alternative labelling practices. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4776028 

Abstract

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Schlangen, M. (2024). Shaping meat analogues: Ingredients & texture [Doctoral dissertation]. https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/645498 

Abstract

The rise of plant-based milks represents a significant shift in consumer preferences, driven by a combination of health concerns, environmental awareness, and ethical considerations regarding animal welfare. This study explores the critical role of packaging and branding in influencing consumer choices within this burgeoning market. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining online surveys and focus groups, the research examines how various elements of packaging design and branding messages impact consumer decisions. The findings reveal a strong preference for environmentally sustainable packaging and clear nutritional information, highlighting the importance of these factors in consumer decision-making. Additionally, branding that emphasizes environmental sustainability and health benefits significantly influences purchasing behavior, underscoring the value consumers place on authenticity and transparency. This paper concludes that for plant-based milk brands to succeed, they must align their packaging and branding strategies with the evolving preferences and values of their target audience, particularly focusing on health and environmental sustainability.

Haji, A., & Habte, Z. (2024). The impact of packaging and branding on the consumer choice of plant-based milks. Asian Journal of Management and Commerce. https://www.allcommercejournal.com/article/271/5-1-50-906.pdf 

Abstract

Meat-free foodstuffs that emulate key properties of meat, meat alternatives, are portrayed as instruments to contribute to a dietary transition towards more protein from non-animal sources, a protein transition. Although they promise the large audience of meat-eating consumers easy sustainability gains, truly sustainable diets require changes beyond the replacement of animal by other proteins, a full-fledged protein transition. Meat-alternative companies are in a central position to support and to shape the form of the protein transition. So far, however, it is not entirely clear for “how much transition” enterprises actually aim, what activities they engage in to get there, and what limits their efforts. Our research contributes to elucidating these questions. Drawing from the concept of organizational purpose and from sustainability marketing scholarship, we investigate the transitional purpose of companies in the German market for plant-based meat alternatives. Through a series of semi-structured interviews and by studying the websites of key firms, we find that enterprises indeed largely aim for a protein transition, which replaces meat by meat-like substitutes. Also, there seems to be little company activity to facilitate dietary changes at the level of consumers or society. Nonetheless, our work indicates that wider changes are possible - e.g., even firms’ standard marketing activity could stimulate changes. In doing so, it lines out a path for future research that could help to better assess the potential role of meat-alternative businesses for a full-fledged protein transition.

Schwarz, A., Fischer, P., & Weinrich, R. (2024). Unlocking the value and transitional purpose of plant-based meat alternative companies in the German market. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100183 

Abstract

Plant-based protein products have recently become more prominent on Australian supermarket shelves. However, despite rapidly increasing interest in meat-free or reduced-meat diets, limited research has explored responses toward these foods. Our research analyses Facebook comments (n = 1384) in response to two ABC News articles that covered the Australian launch of Naturli’s “Minced” product in 2018. Our qualitative analysis generated seven main themes, with comments relatively evenly split between self-declared meat consumers and those who did not eat meat. Our analysis shows that social media comments can provide real-time access to what we term “critical moments” in ongoing debates as well as values, in this case related to meat and meat alternatives. Hence people’s views on contentious topics relating to food are more robust and less open to persuasion than political and industry actors might hope or expect, and alternatives to use of framing approaches are required for any media analysis in domains where conflict is present.

Phillipov, M., Buddle, E. A., McLean, S., & Ankeny, R. A. (2024). What’s in my mince? Reader responses to news coverage about novel plant-based protein foods. Food, Culture & Society, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2024.2315792 

Abstract

Food production systems, especially meat and dairy supply chains, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. An important question emerges as to whether consumers care about environmental sustainability when buying food products, as this can determine their consumption practices. Further, if sustainability labels are available, identifying information that is relevant to consumers is important. This research therefore aimed to identify the attributes that are most important for consumers when buying meat or dairy products and the perceived helpfulness of sustainability labels for meat and dairy products and important label properties. An online survey was conducted in five European countries (i.e. Czechia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK). Consumers valued similar attributes when buying meat and dairy products across all countries. Freshness, quality/taste and animal welfare emerged as the most important attributes, while environmental attributes such as food miles, carbon footprint, and organic production were the least important. Sustainability labels for meat and dairy products were perceived as helpful. Regression analysis identified similar patterns within all five countries regarding the predictors of the perceived helpfulness of sustainability labels. Attitudes towards sustainable food consumption, environmental attitudes, and food production and policies emerged as significant positive predictors in most models. Most importantly, information regarding animal welfare, food safety, and health and nutrition was perceived as being more important than environmental sustainability. This suggests that food choice decisions are unlikely to be made based on the environmental sustainability of a food product’s production alone.

Ammann, J., Mack, G., El Benni, N., Jin, S., Newell-Price, P., Tindale, S., Hunter, E., Vicario-Modroño, V., Gallardo-Cobos, R., Sánchez-Zamora, P., Miškolci, S., & Frewer, L. J. (2024). Consumers across five European countries prioritise animal welfare above environmental sustainability when buying meat and dairy products. Food Quality and Preference, 117, 105179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105179 

Abstract

The global surge in the adoption of plant-based diets (PBD) over the past decade, driven by an increasing awareness of its health and environmental advantages, underscores the need to investigate the relationship between PBD and sensory perception. In many Asian countries, vegetarianism is a traditional dietary regimen. The current cross-sectional study, involved Sri Lankan young adults, aims to test for potential differences in olfactory perception across individuals following vegetarian, flexitarian, or omnivore dietary pattern. A total of 153 participants (female = 84; age = 20–39 years) were tested for their supra-threshold sensitivity (d′) and hedonic responses to 3 plant-related (i.e., mushroom, cooked green leaves, soya) and 3 meat-related (i.e., chicken, steak, steamed-fish) odours. Based on self-reported category and Food Frequency Questionnaire, the participants were classified into vegetarian (n = 55), flexitarian (n = 26), and omnivore (n = 72) groups. Univariate analyses revealed that individuals following a PBD or flexitarian diet rated the testing meat-odours to be less pleasant, than omnivorous dieters (all p < 0.001). Furthermore, the vegetarian group showed higher sensitivities to the meat-odours than the omnivore group (all p = 0.002–0.028). No difference was detected across the three groups in terms of hedonic responses or sensitivity to the plant-related odours (all p > 0.1). Our findings revealed moderate and odour-specific differences in both olfactory sensitivity and hedonic responses between these dietary groups. These findings shed light on the potential key role of olfactory perception in sustaining a PBD regimen, suggesting that a gradual sensory adaptive process or training could be crucial for a successful dietary transition to PBD.

Abeywickrema, S., Gunathunga, S., Walpita, J. K., Jayewardena, R., & Peng, M. (2024). Evaluating sensory impacts of sustained plant-based diets: Altered sensitivity and hedonic responses to meat-related odours in Sri Lankan young adults. Food Quality and Preference, 117, 105151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105151 

Abstract

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Blyth, M., & Springlea, R. (2023). Meat consumption and production in developing countries: Who bucks the trend? Animal Ask. https://www.animalask.org/post/meat-consumption-and-production-in-developing-countries-who-bucks-the-trend 

Abstract

This study examined the impact of the mad cow (BSE) and bird flu (HPAI) outbreaks on the demand for beef, pork, and broiler meat in the United States from 1997 to 2022. Using time-varying elasticities obtained from the Rotterdam model extended to include animal disease outbreaks, we found that the BSE outbreaks significantly reduced beef consumption. These reactions were indeed time-varying, ranging from 1.312% in 2003 to 1.212% in 2005. HPAI outbreaks had a delayed reaction, with a rebound in broiler meat consumption in the quarter following the start of the outbreak. In general, the magnitude of these reactions was proportional to the severity of an outbreak.

Wang, Y., Massa, O. I., & Stewart, S. L. (2024). Time‐varying reaction of U.S. meat demand to animal disease outbreaks. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13431 

Abstract

Animal welfare (AW) is a growing concern for consumers in Germany; however, not all consumers regularly purchase products that have been produced according to high AW standards. The goal of the present study is to test the effect of a multilayered nudge to increase the availability and improve the visibility of AW products in a 3D online virtual supermarket (VS). The nudge included a shelf with AW products (referred to as AW shelf) which was made visible through banners and footsteps on the floor of the VS. The sample of this pre-registered experiment consisted of n = 374 German consumers who regularly purchase meat, milk, and eggs. The results demonstrated that the multilayered nudge was highly effective: the percentage of AW products purchased in the nudging condition was almost twice as high as in the control group. Furthermore, we investigated variables that mediate (ease of finding AW products in the VS) and moderate (price sensitivity) the effectiveness of the multilayered nudge, but no evidence for an effect was obtained. We conclude that multilayered nudges may be a promising tool to increase consumers’ AW product purchases. More research is needed to replicate this finding with a field study in a real supermarket.

Weingarten, N., Bach, L., Roosen, J., & Hartmann, M. (2024). Every step you take: Nudging animal welfare product purchases in a virtual supermarket. Appetite, 107316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107316 

Abstract

Part of the farmers have chosen to raise pigs with outdoor access. However, providing outdoor access to pigs is not a simple matter, and many farmers are hesitating or feel powerless to engage in this transition. A better understanding of their needs and challenges could facilitate the development of innovations that generate commitment. This survey aimed to identify the French pig farmers’ barriers to and drivers for providing outdoor access to pigs. A total of 36 farmers, aged 25-60, who worked in all types of pig farming systems (from full indoor to free-range) participated in a semi-structured interview that lasted 1.25-2.25 h. The topics covered included a historical overview, a description of the farm and practices, as well as opinions about the impact of outdoor access on farmers, animals, production and economic performance, environment, and society. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Most of the participants agreed that rearing pigs indoors is a different job from that of rearing pigs with outdoor access and that it is above all a matter of choice, farmer work conception, and work comfort. Farmers generally agreed that working outdoors is particularly arduous, but this could be compensated by the satisfaction of being in contact with nature and seeing animals in a more complex environment. A large majority of farmers managing a system with outdoor access raised the issue of lack of support, highlighting the need for refinement and diffusion of guides of practices as well as day-to-day support. The impact of outdoor access on the health and welfare of pigs was discussed, especially regarding climatic hazards and the risk of zoonoses, and several outdoor farmers explained how their relationship with the animals changes when pigs are raised outside. Given that zootechnical performance may significantly decrease in farms with outdoor access, various strategies can be employed to maintain profitability, such as feed production, circularity, direct sales, or work diversification. They could be either motivating or demotivating factors depending on the individuals. Concerns about social criticism were prominent among many indoor farmers while farmers providing outdoor access generally felt more serene and proud. Overall, this study can serve as a basis to identify levers that could remove barriers, foster the adherence of more farmers, and facilitate the transition towards more pig farming systems with outdoor access, provided that those systems are viable and beneficial for the welfare and health of the animals and farmers.

Sophie, B., Céline, T., Elodie, M., & Vanessa, L. (2024). Barriers and drivers of farmers to provide outdoor access in pig farming systems: a qualitative study. Animal : An International Journal of Animal Bioscience, 101138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101138 

Abstract

n/a

Hankins, E., & Bryant, C. (2024). Canadian consumers widely misled by egg carton welfare labels. https://bryantresearch.co.uk/insight-items/misled-egg-welfare-labels/ 

Abstract

n/a

Anima Policy International. (2024). Closing the welfare gap: Why New Zealand must apply its animal protection standards to imports. https://www.animalpolicyinternational.org/post/report-calls-on-new-zealand-to-close-animal-welfare-standards-gap-for-imports 

Abstract

Introduction:  Even  though  only  a  few  species  are  considered  to  be  dangerous,  pests  or  vectors,  the  majority  of invertebrates produce a feeling of aversion in humans. This has contributed to the delay in the development of ethical considerations as regards this group in contrast with vertebrates, with the exception of cephalopods. 

Objective: In the present study, we provide an overview of the current situation on animal ethics and welfare in order to contribute to the development of a framework for ensuring invertebrate welfare. 

Methods:  Today,  animal  welfare  is  multidisciplinary  in  nature  to  a  very  high  degree  as  it  includes  ethology,  physiology, pathology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, nutrition, cognitive-neural, veterinary medicine, and ethics. Animal welfare is a complex concept, difficult to achieve successfully from one perspective. 

Results: As a consequence, we propose to include the five domains (nutrition, environment, health, behaviour and  mental  state)  along  with  the  three  conceptions  (basic  health  and  functioning,  affective  state  and  natural  living),  as  well  as  the  5R  Principle  (Replace,  Reduction,  Refinement,  Respect  and  Responsibility)  in  seeking  to  achieve a comprehensive welfare state.

 Conclusions:  We  consider  that  in  both  research  and  animal  production,  the  individual  and  collective  ethical  concerns coexist and, in fact, the main moral concern to account for is the collective one and that, within that collective view, the individual moral concern should be applied with responsibility and respect for the individual. Finally, we propose a practical example of invertebrate welfare production in sea urchin aquaculture with the aim of including animal production of invertebrates in this important discussion.

Crespi-Abril, A. C., Rubilar, T. (2024). Ethics and welfare in invertebrates: A stepping-stone to research and animal production. https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/58228/59233 

Abstract

In ovo sexing involves identifying chicken embryo sex before or during incubation to avoid euthanizing male chicks after hatching, enhancing animal welfare in the laying hen industry. Recently, researchers demonstrated the potential for non-invasive and early in ovo sexing through the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by eggs. However, a knowledge gap persists in comprehending the robustness of prediction models, the efficacy of faster acquisition techniques, and the day-to-day performance variations. In our study, we performed two experiments to fill these gaps. In Experiment 1, passive VOC extractions were performed on 110 eggs on incubation day 10 using sampling bags employing headspace sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HSSE-GC-MS), proton transfer reaction-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS), and selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Prediction models were built using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and variable selection methods. As a result, prediction accuracies ranged from 57.6 % to 61.4 %, indicating no significant difference between the devices and highlighting the need for further optimizations. In Experiment 2, passive VOC samplings were performed on 42 eggs in glass jars during the initial 12 days of incubation using HSSE-GC-MS. Consequently, the optimized setup yielded higher accuracies ranging from 63.1 % to 71.4 %, revealing VOCs consistently elevated in relative abundance for a specific sex, and overall VOC abundance was higher in male embryos. Suggestions for future experiments to increase the accuracy of VOC in ovo sexing include active sampling with inert materials, expanding sample sets, and targeting consistent compounds.

Corion, M., Portillo-Estrada, M., Santos, S., Everaert, N., Lammertyn, J., Hertog, M., & De Ketelaere, B. (2024). In ovo sexing of chickens through VOCs: Assessment of system, setup, and day-to-day performance using HSSE-GC-MS, PTR-TOF-MS, and SIFT-MS. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-3jjnq 

Abstract

The   present   study   aimed   to   evaluate   the   perception,   knowledge,   and   consumption   preferences   of   veterinary   students regarding meat products produced according to the five freedoms of animal welfare (AW) using a questionnaire. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 244 veterinary students. A survey was applied through a virtual form with a  Likert-type  scale. A  varimax-rotated  principal  component analysis  was  performed.  Cronbach’s  alpha  was  0.96  and content  validity  was  0.85.  Bartlett’s  sphericity  test  was significant (p  <  0.0001). Forty-eight percent of the students participated.  No  differences  were  observed  by  gender  or professional  interest,  but  differences  were  observed  by educational core. The chicken was the most consumed meat, but if the price per kilogram were similar, the preference for meat consumption would have the following hierarchy: beef > chicken > pork > fish > sheep > goat > turkey. 46 % had a positive perception of animal welfare as an attribute to be incorporated into meat during the production process. 77 % had a positive perception of the inclusion of Animal Welfare in the labeling process. 82 % had a high level of knowledge about this system. In conclusion, the questionnaire presents validity and reliability to be replicated in similar studies. The students prefer meat with AW, perceive, and have knowledge about the meat produced.

Peña-Avelino, L. Y., Alva-Pérez, J., & Rosales Martínez, G. N. (2023). Perception,  knowledge  and  consumption  preference  of  meat  products  produces with animal welfare in veterinary students. Revista Bio Ciencias. https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.10.e1510 

Abstract

Background

There is growing consensus on the negative impacts of food production on the natural environment and planetary viability. UK society is also increasingly concerned about the impact of intensive farming systems on the billions of sentient farmed animals within them. In liberal democracies and capitalist economies, enlightened citizens and informed consumers are key to the solution to environmental crises, such as anthropogenic climate change. Despite this, there is minimal provision for food sustainability and farm animal welfare in England’s National Curriculum.

Purpose

To investigate the views of stakeholders on the provision of food sustainability and farm animal welfare education in English primary schools.

Sample

Ten stakeholders selected for their knowledge or interest in food sustainability and farm animal welfare education.

Design and methods

In-depth, semi-structured interviews, analysed naturalistically within an interpretivist framework.

Results

Barriers to teaching food sustainability and farm animal welfare reported by stakeholders were restraints caused by the curriculum, the need and lack of funding, a lack of teacher knowledge about the topic, and concerns about its controversy. Best methods identified for teaching were teaching from an early age and throughout all of schooling, adopting a cross-curricular approach, facilitating learning in a hands-on way, and not waiting for change from government reform.

Conclusion

This research informs the debate on the provision of food sustainability and farm animal welfare education in English primary schools. Given that the environmental crisis is a global one, and that sentient animals are farmed across the world, the research may also inform discussion on inclusion of food sustainability and farm animal welfare outside of the English education context.

Jones, A., P. McCulloch, S., & J. Reiss, M. (2024). Stakeholder perceptions of primary school education about food sustainability and farm animal welfare in England. Research in Science & Technological Education, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2024.2335229 

Abstract

Animal welfare is the state of an animal's body and mind and the level to which its requirements are satisfied. Animal welfare is affected by human decisions and actions. Numerous decisions concerning animals are driven by human desires to enhance their own lives, and some of these decisions may be influenced by self-interest or a strong emphasis on economic factors. How to assess the welfare state of animals is a central issue in animal welfare science. Two critical questions can be used to address animal welfare: first, is the animal healthy, and second, does the animal have what it needs? Both of these questions can potentially be answered using the study of animal behavior. The development of behavioral methodologies is crucial for evaluating welfare in contexts where concern for animal welfare is often highest, such as on intensive modern farms and sites where working animals are used. Herein, we discuss animal welfare by focusing on some of its major concepts and explanations. Later, to illustrate key aspects of animal welfare, we chose to examine the information that is available for some 'neglected' livestock species, which are commercially important on a global basis and found in large numbers: buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), camels (Camelus dromedarius), donkeys (Equus asinus), mules (Equus asinus × Equus caballus), and lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). We chose these species because there are major ongoing concerns about their welfare, and more research is required to help solve the various problems. Overall, there are strong imbalances in terms of the species that are usually studied in terms of animal welfare research, and we call for greater attention to those that have traditionally been neglected.

Bukhari, S. S. U. H., Parkes, R. S. V., Sneddon, L. U., & McElligott, A. G. (2024). The behavior and welfare of neglected species: some examples from fish and mammals. PeerJ, 12, e17149. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17149 

Abstract

Individuals of the general public can perform both consumer and citizen roles in farm animal welfare, and attitudes toward farm animal welfare may differ between these roles. However, scant research is available regarding this distinction, especially in developing countries such as China. The present study aimed to explore consumer-citizen gaps in Chinese public attitudes toward farm animal welfare across three dimensions and across demographic characteristics. A 36-item scale was designed, and completed by 5284 Chinese participants in a large-scale cross-sectional survey. Consumer-citizen gaps in attitudes toward farm animal welfare across three dimensions and demographic characteristics were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and effects of demographic characteristics on attitudes were further explored by linear regression analysis. A significant consumer-citizen gap was found in overall attitudes, although the consumer role was only slightly more positive than the citizen role. The consumer-citizen gap is driven by differences in both cognitive attitudes and behavioral attitudes. The gap is most pronounced in cognitive attitudes, where the consumer role is significantly more positive, and smaller in behavioral attitudes, where the citizen role is significantly more positive. The consumer-citizen gap varies significantly among different demographic groups, including gender, age, education, monthly household income, area of residence, and occupation. Additionally, education, monthly household income, and area of residence have significant effects on attitudes in the dual role, whereas gender only affect consumer-role attitudes significantly. The findings provide evidence that consumer-citizen gaps in Chinese public attitudes toward farm animal welfare exist, and this distinction is mainly determined by demographic characteristics.

Jiang, B., Cui, L., Deng, X., Chen, H., & Tang, W. (2024). Understanding the consumer-citizen gap in Chinese public attitudes toward farm animal welfare. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 6426. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57280-y 

Abstract

Fish welfare is becoming a priority for the fish farming industry. The search for practical, easy-to-implement methods to promote farmed fish welfare is therefore essential. Environmental enrichment aims to improve the psychological and physiological needs of a captive animal by increasing the complexity of its environment. During previous studies, we observed that fish seemed to be positively affected by short diffusions of air bubbles. In this study, we evaluated the effects of an innovative enrichment strategy consisting of introducing into the tank at the earliest stages of life, a pipe generating a curtain of air bubbles. Using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a captive fish model, we compared the short- (∼7 weeks) and long-term (∼21 weeks) effects of this bubble curtain diffused for one hour four times a day (Bubble condition) to a standard condition without bubbles (Control) on fish growth, aggressive and abnormal behaviors, as well as on fish motivation to access a bubble curtain, their emotional responses and their learning abilities. We found that bubble diffusion decreased aggressive and abnormal behaviors during diffusions in both the short-term and the long-term experiments. In the long-term experiment, this decrease was also observed during feedings and neutral periods when no bubble was diffused. Bubbles were found to be attractive for young Control fish (bubble-naive fish) subjected to a motivation test in the short-term experiment. When subjected to the emotional reactivity test, Bubble fish seemed less fearful, exhibiting a lower maximum velocity than Control fish in the long-term experiment only. However, the other behavioral parameters measured during this test, appetite and plasma cortisol levels were similar between treatments, irrespective of the experimental period. The latency to consume the reward observed in the spatial learning test in the long-term experiment was decreased in Bubble fish compared with Control fish, showing enhanced learning abilities in fish that experienced bubbles for 21 weeks. Growth parameters and fin erosion index did not differ between treatments. We conclude that repeated bubble diffusions act as an environmental enrichment for fish, combining physical, occupational, and sensory enrichment via the tactile stimulations provided by the air bubbles. This type of enrichment had a positive impact on the behavior of farmed rainbow trout in the long term, and would make it possible to integrate the notion of “positive welfare” into fish farms, while guaranteeing easy technical maintenance.

Amichaud, O., Lafond, T., Fazekas, G. L., Kleiber, A., Kerneis, T., Batard, A., Goardon, L., Labbé, L., Lambert, S., Milla, S., & Colson, V. (2024). Air bubble curtain improves the welfare of captive rainbow trout fry and fingerlings. Aquaculture, 586, 740828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.740828 

Abstract

Anesthesia is a common practice used to improve animal welfare and reduce the negative impacts of stress factors in aquaculture settings. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the application of anesthetics in ridgetail white prawn (Exopalaemon carinicauda). In the present study, the anesthetic efficacy and protective effects of eugenol in adults of this species were evaluated. When the prawns (n = 5) were immersed in different concentrations of eugenol in the range of 0–240 μL/L for 30 min, the results showed that 180 and 240 μL/L could lead to quick sedative and anesthesia effects with 100% mortality after 30 min exposure, while 30 μL/L failed to induce any sedative and anesthesia effects. Further tests showed that adult individuals were quickly anesthetized by eugenol at a concentration of 60–90 μL/L with a 30 min immersion, while half of the prawns were sedated in 30 μL/L eugenol after 4 h exposure, then recovered at 2 h without any mortality. Furthermore, we checked the water quality parameters after the adult prawns were immersed in four eugenol concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 μL/L) for 8 h of simulated transportation followed by a 96 h recovery, we found that 30 μL/L eugenol treatment could significantly decrease the ammonia nitrogen concentration, and increased the survival rate at 96 h post recovery. The oxidative responses of the prawns during the 8 h transportation at 30 μL/L eugenol followed by 96 h recovery period were analyzed. The results showed that eugenol administration significantly decreased the malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration and the activities of most antioxidant-related enzymes immediately. The present data indicated that eugenol was an efficient anesthetic, which could be used for long-distance transportation of this species. It exhibited excellent protective effects to improve the animal's welfare by improving water quality and alleviating oxidative stress.

Zhang, C., & Li, F. (2024). Anesthetic effects of eugenol on adult ridgetail white prawn (Exopalaemon carinicauda) and its protective effects under simulated transportation. Aquaculture, 588, 740852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.740852 

Abstract

The live transport of farmed fish is an important practice in Chinese aquaculture due to consumer preferences in its domestic market. However, live transport can be stressful for fish and may cause many welfare issues. This study aimed to examine the effects of transport density on the welfare of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Adult fish were allocated to four experimental treatments in a two-factor design (N = 5 groups per treatment). Factor one was stocking density of either 39 (low density) or 78 (high density) g L−1. Factor two was transport, with half of the fish groups exposed to simulated transport stress for 3 h using a motion platform, and the other half kept in static tanks for the same length of time. Baseline behavior and physiology were determined from a subset of fish after acclimation but before selection into groups and application of transport. To determine the effects of transport, stocking density, and their interaction on the experimental groups, physiological sampling and behavioral recording were carried out immediately after simulated transport, and water quality was measured both before and after transport. Changes in water quality were observed between two timepoints, with decreased dissolved oxygen levels and increased water temperature. Total ammonia nitrogen levels significantly increased in all treatments over time, particularly in the high-density groups. Fish ventilation rates were significantly elevated in the groups kept at a high stocking density regardless of whether they also experienced transport stress. Fish transported at a high stocking density also showed more fear-related behaviors such as freezing and thigmotaxis than non-transported groups. Serum cortisol, catalase, and aspartate transaminase levels were significantly higher in the transported treatment groups compared to the baseline fish, but no difference was found for serum glucose, lactate, and glutathione peroxidase. We concluded that 3 h of simulated transport was stressful to largemouth bass kept at 78 g L−1, as evidenced by altered fish physiological and behavioral indicators of stress, as well as deteriorated water quality. Additionally, we identified a positive correlation between serum and skin mucus samples for cortisol, glucose, and lactate in transported fish, providing important information for developing less invasive methods for the welfare assessment of largemouth bass.

Yang, Y., Narayan, E., Rey Planellas, S., Phillips, C. J. C., Zheng, L., Xu, B., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Sun, Y., Sagada, G., Shih, H., Shao, Q., & Descovich, K. (2024). Effects of stocking density during simulated transport on physiology and behavior of largemouth bass. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.13054 

Abstract

While contributing to the conservation of natural fish stocks, the aquaculture sector imposes environmental repercussions. The growing popularity of colour-graded eco-labels in promoting pro-environmental practices in food production underscores the need for scientific insights into consumer responses to such labels, particularly with the imminent prospect of a harmonized European labelling framework. The existing literature, although limited and divergent, advocates for real-life testing with fresh, perishable food products, emphasizing the inadequacy of standalone labels and the necessity for complementary measures. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying how consumers process multi-coloured Front-of-Pack (FOP) labels remain ambiguous, with uncertainties regarding induced consumption shifts stemming from both deliberate information processing and less deliberate associations. This article presents findings from a randomized control trial conducted in a simulated fishmonger store in Derio, Bizkaia, Spain, involving 200 consumers. Participants selected various sea bass products out of multiple options. This task was subject to a 2 (Enviroscore: with vs without) x 2 (Supporting info on Enviroscore: with vs without) between-subject design, resulting in four treatment groups. A 16% increase in the likelihood of selecting lower-impact products was observed. Notably, this effect was evident only in the absence of supporting information on Enviroscore, and the observed impact could not be attributed to any indirect attention effect. In conclusion, Enviroscore exhibits potential in steering consumer choices toward more environmentally friendly aquaculture fish options, even in physical retail settings. However, these effects may be rooted in unconscious responses rather than deliberate environmental considerations, raising questions about the suitability of envisaged policy orientations encompassing disaggregated environmental, nutritional, animal welfare, and social welfare scores. Generalization of these findings warrants validation through further research encompassing a more comprehensive range of products.

De Bauw, M., Peracaula Moner, A., Santa Cruz, E., & Vranken, L. (2024). Please don’t throw me in the briar patch! Empirical evidence on the role of instructional cues on eco-label usage in fish consumption decisions. Appetite, 107291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107291 

Abstract

n/a

McAuliffe, W., & Mckay, H. D. (2024). Pre-slaughter mortality of farmed shrimp. OSF. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/w7muz 

Abstract

Globally, salmon aquaculture promises to contribute to sustainable sources of animal protein for a growing human population. However, the growth of the industry also includes increased reports of mass mortality events—disaster events where large numbers of fish die in short periods of time. As salmon production increases in scale and more technology is used to grow salmon in contexts otherwise not suited for them, there is a possibility for more frequent and more severe mortality events. Despite investigations into specific cases of mass mortality events—no global study has been conducted to see if large scale mortality is increasing in frequency and scale. Using a global dataset of publicly available and government-collated data on salmon mortality events including nations responsible for the majority of salmon aquaculture, we document trends in mortality events, showing that in some of the major salmon producing nations of the world (in particular Norway, Canada, and the UK), mass mortality events have increased in frequency from 2012 to 2022. We also show that the scope of mass mortality events has increased over time—that is, the upper bound of how many fish were killed in a specific mortality event has increased over time. Finally, the expected maximum size of a mass mortality event differs from country to country, but is likely much larger than site and jurisdictional thresholds of concern for animal welfare, early warning thresholds, and capacity to respond to mortality events. The consequences of the increased scale and scope of mass mortality events extend past aquaculture production to include severe consequences to aquaculture companies and to coastal communities who depend on aquaculture. Our results agree with predictions of the concept of “manufactured risk”, which suggests that risk emerges from the aggressive use of technology to optimize production in variable environments, and we argue that there is a need for more fine-scale and standard data collection on salmon mortality events, and that future investigations into salmon aquaculture should increase focus on disaster potential and realization.

Singh, G. G., Sajid, Z., & Mather, C. (2024). Quantitative analysis of mass mortality events in salmon aquaculture shows increasing scale of fish loss events around the world. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 3763. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54033-9 

Abstract

Consumers’ growing awareness of the adverse effects of high meat consumption has led to increased attention to flexitarian or meat-reduced diets. However, most flexitarians do not significantly reduce their meat consumption and still eat many meat-based meals. This study aims to classify the large and heterogeneous consumer group of flexitarians into different profiles based on attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs about meat reduction. Being aware that consumer profiles can change over time, this study explores the dynamics of the identified profiles using a two-wave panel survey of 430 German consumers. Latent profile analysis revealed distinct flexitarian and meat-oriented consumer profiles, including three stable profiles and one non-stable profile across both waves. The findings indicate that flexitarian and meat-oriented consumer profiles differ significantly in their belief structure about meat reduction and that consumers can switch back and forth to other profiles over time. Practitioners should be aware of changes in the belief structure of flexitarian and meat-oriented consumer profiles when developing meat reduction interventions. Further research is needed to understand the reasons behind these profile shifts.

Strässner, A.-M., & Wirth, W. (2024). Shades and shifts in flexitarian and meat-oriented consumer profiles in a German panel study. Appetite, 107298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107298 

Abstract

Market actors have a role to play in enabling sustainable food transitions. One challenge for these actors is how to promote plant-based foods in ways that appeal to a growing number of consumers. Here we test how different plant-based related labels affect consumer appraisals of a range of foods (cookies, sausages, cheese, chocolate, pasta). In two studies (pre-registered; NUSA = 1148, NGermany = 491), we examined the effects of a ‘vegetarian’, ‘vegan’, or ‘plant-based’ label (compared to no label) on five attributes (healthy, tasty, ethical, pure, environmentally friendly) related to the products. We also measured self-reported likelihood to purchase the products. Overall, the results indicated that the ‘plant-based’ label was slightly more appealing to participants than the ‘vegetarian’ and ‘vegan’ labels. However, contrary to our expectations, neither consumers' information-seeking tendencies nor their pre-existing attitudes toward plant-based foods influenced (i.e., moderated) the effects of the labels. Anticipated taste was a strong and consistent predictor of purchase likelihood for all labeled products, but the ethical and pure attributes also accounted for unique variance in this outcome variable. Taken together, our findings and discussion provide insights into the role of labels and label terminology on consumer appraisals of plant-based foods.

Ruby, M. B., Graça, J., & Olli, E. (2024). Vegetarian, vegan, or plant-based? Comparing how different labels influence consumer evaluations of plant-based foods. Appetite, 107288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107288 

Abstract

Numerous reports and studies tout a vegan diet's positive impact on the environment. Our study investigates the effect on the environment, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, land use, and freshwater withdrawals, of shifting from animal-based diets to plant-based diets in the U.S. Linear regression models for prototypical omnivore, vegetarian, and vegan diets are created based on U.S. consumption data and a review of 570 life-cycle assessments of various foods. These models are used to compare future scenarios with no dietary changes to scenarios where meat-based diets are replaced by more plant-based diets. We also explore the impact of reducing the consumption of animal by-products (such as dairy and eggs) through model analysis. We find that an annual drop of 0.75% of the percentage of the U.S. omnivore population would lead to a 2-6% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 and a 6-20% reduction by 2050. We also see a 3-6% (by 2030) and 9-21% (by 2050) reduction in land use and 1-5% (by 2030) and 3-17% (by 2050) reduction in freshwater withdrawals. The extent of the reduction depends on whether the omnivore diet is replaced by a vegetarian or vegan diet.

Acquaviva, A., & Muller, P. (2024). Environmental impact of a U.S. transition from an animal-based diet to more plant-based diets. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3443183/v1 

Abstract

n/a

Arévalo, C. (2024). Joining forces: Collaborative opportunities between the animal protection and environmental movements. https://faunalytics.org/environmental-movement-collaboration/ 

Abstract

Background

Climate change, health inequalities and obesity are considerable public health challenges of the 21st century. Red and processed meat (RPM) consumption is associated with an increased risk of obesity and with higher climate impact. At the same time, educational inequalities exist not only in RPM consumption and obesity but also in other health behaviours. Thus, we investigated whether educational inequalities exist in the association between RPM consumption and obesity, while also considering health behaviours (physical activity, vegetable, legume and fruit consumption, alcohol consumption and smoking) as potential confounding and effect modifying factors.

Methods

The FinHealth 2017 Study data, including 4494 participants aged 18–74 years, were used. A validated food frequency questionnaire was employed to determine dietary intake. Height and weight were measured by trained study nurses. Linear and logistic regression models were used.

Results

Odds of obesity increased along with RPM consumption in women (p < 0.001) and men (p < 0.001) and in each educational group regardless of other unfavourable health behaviours. Only in men with basic education were the differences between RPM consumption categories not statistically significant. Compared to those with high education and the lowest RPM consumption, those with basic education and the highest RPM consumption had multiple odds of obesity (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) among women: 7.5 (2.7–20.4); among men: 5.3 (2.5–11.1)).

Conclusion

High RPM consumption appears to be associated with obesity independently of other unfavourable health behaviours or education, yet the odds are higher with basic education. Targeting unhealthy dietary patterns with heavy ecological burden could help reduce both health inequalities and mitigate climate change.

Sares‐Jäske, L., Tapanainen, H., Valsta, L., Haario, P., Männistö, S., & Vaalavuo, M. (2024). Meat consumption and obesity: A climate‐friendly way to reduce health inequalities. Public Health Challenges, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/puh2.163 

Abstract

Adopting a plant-based diet (PBD) has been shown to reduce the risk of developing certain diseases and is linked to environmental benefits. This review synthesises the evidence on the barriers adults aged 18 to 65 living in high-income countries (HIC) may experience when adopting a PBD. A systematic literature review was conducted using four search databases: Medline, Embase, Global Health, and Web of Science. Barriers were mapped to behaviour change strategies using the COM-B model. Ten studies were included in the final review, including 1740 participants. Five were qualitative, four were cross-sectional, and one was a pre- and-post-intervention study. In total, 40 barriers were identified and synthesised into 11 themes: financial, lack of knowledge, emotional, health, convenience, social, enjoyment of meat, environmental, accessibility, personal ability, and media. Of the 40 barriers, nutritional intake/requirements (categorised into the “health” theme) had the most evidence. This barrier encompassed concerns around being able to meet nutritional needs if an individual were to adopt a PBD. Habits (in the “personal ability” theme), which included established eating habits and habitual behaviours relating to animal-source foods, had the second most evidence alongside the barrier of not knowing what to eat as part of a PBD (in the “lack of knowledge” theme). Education interventions and communication/marketing policies were the behaviour change mechanisms mapped onto these barriers. Future interventions should focus on informing individuals about what to consume as part of a nutritionally balanced PBD and facilitating habitual dietary change.

Rickerby, A., & Green, R. (2024). Barriers to adopting a plant-based diet in high-income countries: A systematic review. Nutrients, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060823 

Abstract

Flexitarianism was one of the top food trends of the summer in 2020. Characterizing reductions in meat eating as representative of the reflections on personal and societal health that were taking place at the time, Canada’s largest food retailer, Loblaw situated the company’s expanded plant-based offerings as a response to a “new us” that was emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic. This article explores the protein pathways that Loblaw opens and closes by promoting “flexitarian choices for our changing lifestyles”. Focussing on reduced beef consumption as a target of flexitarian intervention, I situate flexitarianism in relation to calls for a “protein transition”, which would address the risks the dominant beef industry poses to animal, human, and planetary wellbeing. Drawing from a larger case study on beef shopping at Loblaw supermarkets, I consider the extent to which the version of flexitarianism on display at Loblaw supermarkets might support the status quo in the dominant beef industry. As a flexible framework, flexitarianism holds potential to respond contextually to the needs of varying food networks in Canada. As a defined consumer demographic, however, flexitarianism is poised to reroute this flexibility away from diverse food systems toward adaptable investments, which would insulate financial portfolios from the risks of intensive animal agriculture without requiring meaningful changes within those industries.

Speakman, K. (2024). Beef, beans, or byproducts? Canadian Food Studies / La Revue Canadienne Des Études Sur l’alimentation, 11(1), 91–110. https://canadianfoodstudies.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/cfs/article/view/638 

Abstract

One of the most effective ways to mitigate climate change is to shift to more plant-based consumption practices. In this context, hands-on professionals in the food sector such as chefs are often seen as change-makers. Yet, most restaurants in wealthier countries predominantly serve meat and fish. In this paper, we use chefs and their embodied relationship with food as a case, and combine theories of practice and craftsmanship, to better understand the potential roles, both supportive and hindering, of craftsmanship in the protein transition. Drawing on 23 semi-structured interviews with a diverse mix of executive head chefs of Dutch restaurants in terms of menu type (animal/plant ratio), sector (fine dining/regular), and geographical location (city/rural), we found a reciprocal relationship between agentic capacity of animal- and plant-based materials and embodied skill. Based on this relationship, we found two forms of craftsmanship that relate differently to the protein transition. We argue that a “classical” form, in which a strong embodied relationship with animal- and a weaker one with plant-based materials is embedded, hinders a protein shift in chefs’ practice. We highlight the important role of culinary education in strengthening the relationship with plant-based materials and defining plant-based cooking as a prestigious challenge.

Michielsen, Y. J. E., van der Horst, H. M., & van de Nobelen, R. (2024). Beef or Beet Wellington? Chefs, meat reduction, and hindering and supportive forms of craftsmanship. Food, Culture & Society, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2024.2322792 

Abstract

Meat consumption causes major damage to the environment, such as the pollution of air, water, and soil, and contributes significantly to biodiversity loss and climate change. To reach environmental and climate targets, agricultural production methods need to be addressed politically. However, dietary behavior also needs to change. This is especially the case in Western countries with unsustainably high meat consumption, such as Germany. Based on a systematic analysis of the literature of different disciplines, the article examines the following: (a) Factors influencing food behavior; (b) Policy instruments effectively contributing to behavior change; (c) Potential problems with regard to their political feasibility. Using Germany as an example, the analysis shows that only a combination of measures is promising to achieve a reduction in meat consumption—both in terms of effectiveness as well as political feasibility. Instruments need to change contextual conditions in a way that makes sustainable nutritional choices the easier ones. In the longer term, education programs and campaigns can help to change basic influencing factors such as norms or values. And, in the short term, these factors can be activated and become relevant for action in the respective decision-making situations.

Schleicher, K., & Töller, A. E. (2024). Dietary behavior as a target of environmental policy: Which policy instruments are adequate to incentivize plant-based diets? Sustainability, 16(6), 2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062415 

Abstract

A reduction in meat consumption is urgently needed to address multiple harms related to the environment, animal welfare, and human health. Social norm interventions have been found to be feasible and effective at shifting consumer behaviour, however, evidence related to meat reduction behaviour is limited – especially in naturalistic settings. Two social norm interventions were conducted at university food outlets in Aotearoa New Zealand and in the UK, to assess the effect of social norm messages on meat and meatless food purchases. Both interventions consisted of a week-long intervention phase during which descriptive dynamic social norm messages referring to reduced meat intake were displayed in the food outlets (study one and two) and via social media (study two). Meat and meatless food purchases during the interventions were compared to pre- and post-intervention weeks. Surveys were also conducted with a sub-group of customers to assess demographics, dietary habits, and awareness of the social norm message. In both studies, there was no significant effect of the social norm interventions on meat or meatless food purchases, and awareness of the norms message across both studies was low. These findings indicate that social norm interventions alone may be ineffective in encouraging meat reduction. Implications for interventions to reduce meat intake to support pro-environmental food choices are discussed.

Patel, V., Mirosa, M., & Buckland, N. J. (2024). Testing the effect of descriptive dynamic social norm messages on meatless food purchases in Aotearoa New Zealand and UK university food outlets. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1260343 

Abstract

Our agri-food system today should provide enough healthy food of good quality for the growing human population. However, it should also preserve natural resources and better protect livestock. In this context, some FoodTech companies are developing a disruptive approach: cell culture for in vitro food production of “meat” but this technology is still at the research and development stage. This article will highlight its development, the technologies used and the stakeholders involved (Part 1), its potential environmental impacts (Part 2) but also regulatory, social and ethical issues (Part 3). This article aims to shed light throughout the manuscript on two major controversies related to “cultured meat”. The first controversy is related to its ethical aspects, which includes different points: its potential to reduce animal suffering and therefore to improve animal welfare, the future values of our society, a trend towards food artificialisation. The second controversy includes environmental, health and nutritional issues, in relation to characteristics and quality of “cultured meat” with an important question: should we call it meat? These two controversies act in interaction in association with related societal, legal and consequently political issues. Answers to the various questions depend on the different visions of the World by stakeholders, consumers and citizens. Some of them argue for a moderate or a strong reduction in livestock farming, or even the abolition of livestock farming perceived as an exploitation of farm animals. Others only want a reduction of the current much criticised intensive/industrial model. Compared with other potential sustainable solutions to be implemented such as reduction of food losses and waste, new food consumption habits with less proteins of animal sources, sustainable intensification, development of agroecological livestock production, or the development of the market for other meat substitutes (proteins from plants, mycoproteins, algae, insects, etc.), “cultured meat” has an uncertain future.

Hocquette, J.-F., Chriki, S., Fournier, D., & Ellies-Oury, M.-P. (2024). Review: Will “cultured meat” transform our food system towards more sustainability? Animal : An International Journal of Animal Bioscience, 101145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101145 

Abstract

Alongside concerns for animal welfare, concerns for land, water, and climate are undermining established food identities in many parts of the world. In Aotearoa New Zealand, agrifood relations are bound tightly into national identities and the materialities of export dependence on dairying and agriculture more widely. Dairy/ing identities have been central to national development projects and the politics that underpin them for much of New Zealand’s history. They are central to an intransigent agrifood political ontology. For the last decade, however, they have been challenged by the identity politics of ethical food consumption. This paper explores the ensuing contests and asks how they are reshaping agrifood identities. We draw on interviews with 15 participants in Aotearoa New Zealand who have made dietary transitions that reduce or exclude dairy products. Our aim is not to identify a new post-dairying identity or claim a reconfigured national identity, but to examine the collision of production-consumption values in the context of a dominant place-based food identity. We ask how participants navigate contradictory commitments to becoming ‘good environmental citizens’ whilst remaining ‘good national citizens’. The paper offers insights for examining similar struggles elsewhere and the potential to shift agrifood relations and undermine entrenched political ontologies through ethical food consumption values.

Sharp, E. L., Rayne, A., & Lewis, N. (2024). The ‘Good Kiwi’ and the ‘Good Environmental Citizen’?: Dairy, national identity and complex consumption-related values in Aotearoa New Zealand. Agriculture and Human Values. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-024-10564-5 

Abstract

Animal welfare is inherited in each society, shaped by the surrounding environment and upbringing of each individual. This influence becomes particularly significant during adolescence. Due to its cultural context, Spain is among the European Union nations with the highest number of cases of animal abuse. The Canary Islands, the scenario of this study, show the highest rates of intentional poisoning of wildlife and pets’ abandonment. The aim of the present study was to explore the perception of animal welfare among adolescents, studying the influence of the main socio-demographic factors that may condition it. A validated questionnaire on animal abuse was used and distributed to adolescents aged 14–18 years in two public study centers. Animal abuse rates were correlated with socio-demographic variables. In total, 302 subjects answered the questionnaire. The perception of animal welfare was influenced by socio-demographic variables, gender being the most important. The demographic profile of the least responsive adolescent to animal abuse was a male engaged in sports, not owning a dog, and hailing from a family involved in hunting. Awareness should be raised at an early age, promoting artistic activities, encouraging contact with animals and sporting practices that do not generate a lack of empathy for animals.

Estévez-Pérez, L., Zumbado, M., Luzardo, O. P., & Henríquez-Hernández, L. A. (2024). Perception of animal abuse among adolescents: Influence of social and demographic factors. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060972 

Abstract

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Faunalytics. (2024). Faunalytics Index – March 2024. https://faunalytics.org/faunalytics-index-march-2024/ 

Abstract

Undercover videos have become a popular tool among NGOs to influence public opinion and generate engagement for the NGO’s cause. These videos are seen as a powerful and cost-effective way of bringing about social change, as they provide first-hand evidence and generate a strong emotional response among those who see them. In this paper, we empirically assess the impact of undercover videos on support for the cause. We in addition analyze whether the increased engagement among viewers is driven by the negative emotional reactions produced by the video. To do so, we design an online experiment that enables us to estimate both the total and emotion-mediated treatment effects on engagement by randomly exposing participants to an undercover video (of animal abuse) and randomly introducing a cooling-off period. Using a representative sample of the French population (N=3,310), we find that the video successfully increases actions in favor of animals (i.e., donations to NGOs and petitions), but we fail to prove that this effect is due to the presence of primary emotions induced by the video. Last, we investigate whether activists correctly anticipate their undercover videos’ (emotional) impact via a prediction study involving activists (exploratory analysis).

Espinosa, R., Borau, S., & Treich, N. (2024). Impact of NGOs’ undercover videos on citizens’ emotions and pro-social behaviors. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4778679 

Abstract

The present research examines through experimental approach the effects of protest paradigm framing (i.e., the negative, stereotypical coverage of protests by the media) on audience’s identification with a protest event and group and the social movement represented by the protest. Participants (N=280) were randomly allocated in two experimental groups and presented with a text covering the same protest event of the minority group (anti-speciesism organization). One group was exposed to an article which adhered to protest paradigm aspects, while the other group read a more balanced article on the same protest event. Results reveal statistically significant (p =.001) intergroup differences in perceived image of protest group characteristics and identification with protest and social movement of antispeciesism, controlled for individual political ideology. A hypothesized multiple serial mediation model was examined and results indicate that protest coverage framing is indirectly related to identification with the protest event through minority’s both perceived negotiation flexibility and consistency of beliefs, which affect the audience’s evaluation of the minority/protest group’s radical character and image as a threat to social stability. The ways the representations of minority groups through media as rigid, violent and radical act as a mechanism of blocking minority influence are further discussed.

Vlazakis, A., Baka, A., & Gardikiotis, A. (2024). Media frames and minority influence: Unraveling the impact of protest paradigm framing on identification with anti-speciesism movement. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4772996

Abstract

Speciesism, broadly understood as the view that species membership is a morally relevant property, has been a central topic of debate within animal ethics for around 50 years. However, in all this time, animal ethicists have paid relatively scant attention to the nature of species membership itself. This seems potentially regrettable, since species membership's precise nature is presumably highly pertinent to the question of its exact moral relevance. Here, I advocate for a ‘species-focused’ approach to assessing speciesism, arguing that, in debating the merits of speciesism, animal ethicists should (i) centre the nature of species membership, and (ii) consult philosophers of biology. Adherence to this second prescription appears necessary since a lot of what philosophers of biology believe regarding the nature of species membership appears contrary to what many animal ethicists have seemingly assumed.

Murphy, A. (2024). Aspecies‐focused approach to assessing speciesism. Journal of Applied Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12725  

Abstract

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Gough, L. A. (2024). Beyond anthropocentric delusions of abstract reason and logical consistency. https://www.vegansociology.com/2024/03/28/beyond-anthropocentric-delusions-of-abstract-reason-and-logical-consistency/ 

Abstract

A growing, though still loosely connected, body of academic work has started placing meat at the centre of critical discourses regarding climate change and environmental sustainability, human health, economic wellbeing, food futures, and animal and ecological ethics. This special themed issue seeks to bring these multi-disciplinary scholars into direct conversation with one another under the umbrella of ‘Meat Studies’ as an emerging sub-field of study. Indeed, the recent establishment of Vegan Studies (see: Wright, 2015 and 2017) necessitates a parallel effort to better understand meat’s persistent social, economic, political, and cultural status in human societies. By situating meat at the centre of critical analysis, we identify, articulate, and address the challenges that meat poses in the twenty-first century. More generally, Meat Studies allows us to critically re-examine our cultural conventions regarding the ways in which we classify different foods, diets, identities, and culinary practices.

Phillips, R., & Abergel, E. (2024). Introducing meat studies. Canadian Food Studies. https://canadianfoodstudies.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/cfs/article/view/691 

Abstract

The current food system, which is responsible for about one third of all global gas emissions, is considered one of the main causes of resource depletion. For this reason, scientific research is investigating new alternatives capable of feeding an ever-growing population that is set to reach 9–11 billion by 2050. Among these, cell-based meat, also called cultured meat, is one possible solution. It is part of a larger branch of science called cellular agriculture, whose goal is to produce food from individual cells rather than whole organisms, tracing their molecular profile. To date, however, cultured meat aroused conflicting opinions. For this reason, the aim of this review was to take an in-depth look at the current European legislative framework, which reflects a ‘precautionary approach' based on the assumption that these innovative foods require careful risk assessment to safeguard consumer health. In this context, the assessment of possible risks made it possible not only to identify the main critical points during each stage of the production chain (proliferation, differentiation, scaffolding, maturation and marketing), but also to identify solutions in accordance with the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Further, the main challenges related to organoleptic and nutritional properties have been reviewed.. Finally, possible future markets were studied, which would complement that of traditional meat, implementing the offer for the consumer, who is still sceptical about the acceptance of this new product. Although further investigation is needed, the growing demand for market diversification and the food security opportunities associated with food shortages, as well as justifying the commercialisation of cultured meat, would present an opportunity to position cultured meat as beneficial.

Lanzoni, D., Rebucci, R., Formici, G., Cheli, F., Ragone, G., Baldi, A., Violini, L., Sundaram, T. S., & Giromini, C. (2024). Cultured meat in the European Union: Legislative context and food safety issues. Current Research in Food Science (Online), 8, 100722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100722 

Abstract

Farmed animal policy and advocacy efforts both attempt to generate and depend upon public support. However, relatively little is known about the factors that predict support for animal protection legislation and advocacy across the globe. We analyse data from a large international survey (23 countries, n = 20,966) alongside other data sources on animal advocacy to investigate knowledge of factory farming, the connection between attitudes towards animals and the strength of animal protection legislation, attitudes towards animals based on their food status in different countries, and the connection between personal support for policy, animal advocacy, civic activism, and animal advocacy organisations. We found that higher support for animal welfare is associated with stronger farm animal protection legislation across countries and that concerns about specific animals can vary depending on cultural and religious factors. Contrary to study hypotheses, we did not find greater support for advocacy in countries with more advocacy organisations, suggesting important opportunities to pursue advocacy in relatively neglected regions. Results are interpreted in terms of how farmed animal advocates can take advantage of and potentially generate support for animal welfare throughout the world.

Bryant, C., Hopwood, C. J., Graça, J., Nissen, A. T., Dillard, C., & Thompkins, A. (2024). Exploring public support for farmed animal welfare policy and advocacy across 23 countries. Psychology of Human-Animal Intergroup Relations, 3. https://doi.org/10.5964/phair.10337 

Abstract

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Ryba, R. (2024). Global performance indicators: Could they help improve animal welfare policy? https://www.animalask.org/post/global-performance-indicators-could-they-help-improve-animal-welfare-policy 

Abstract

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Carpendale, M., & Animal Ask. (2024). Lobbying through public consultation. https://www.animalask.org/post/lobbying-through-public-consultation 

Abstract

Few food groups are subject to the same depth and scope of critique as meat. Yet little is known about how the Canadian public feels about meat production and consumption. In other jurisdictions, meat has been a politically polarizing topic; thus, we focus our analysis on political differences (and similarities) in orientations toward meat. In this paper, we draw on survey data collected on a quota sample of Canadians (n=2328) in order to address the following questions: to what extent do Canadians across the political spectrum agree that meat is a problem? Where is there overlap, and where is there disagreement? We find that, despite small but statistically significant differences across political ideology in Canadians’ meat-related attitudes, preferences, and practices, there is widespread agreement that meat is delicious, that it poses risks to health, and that many livestock production practices violate animal welfare ethics. The majority of Canadians would prefer to source meat that is locally-produced and raised on a small farm. These patterns illustrate high levels of discomfort with large-scale animal agriculture. This study fills an important gap in Canadian food studies by interrogating public perceptions of meat and identifying areas of political convergence and divergence on meat-related attitudes, preferences, and practices.

Huddart Kennedy, E., Baumann, S., & Johnston, J. (2024). Meat politics at the dinner table. Canadian Food Studies. https://canadianfoodstudies.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/cfs/article/view/529 

Abstract

Perhaps the most central role of a lawyer is to represent her clients – to speak on their behalf and to act in their stead. Representational relationships require lawyers to understand what their clients think, need, and desire and to faithfully advocate for them. But representation is not a simple act of transposition or reiteration. In representing others, lawyers engage in a range of interpretive practices and make myriad evaluative judgments. This translational practice complicates representation. The act of representing others, especially members of a group to which the representative does not belong, raises important epistemological, ethical, and political challenges. Speaking for others, even when well-intentioned, risks reproducing hierarchy and domination by situating the other as an object of pity who must be spoken for. Yet there is no space outside of representation to retreat to. Representation is a central site of social struggle. Through the legal claiming of rights and power, representation can be an indispensable and liberatory weapon against exclusion and oppression. Representation, including legal representation, is thus simultaneously dangerous and necessary.

This Article evaluates the ethics of legal representation in one of its most underexplored and complicated contexts: cases involving nonhuman animals. Animals are increasingly represented in law, both directly as clients and indirectly as the beneficiaries of social movement lawyering. On the one hand, representing animals seems an impossible task, given the untranslatability of animals’ voices and the presumptuousness of speaking for them. On the other hand, our relentless exploitation of nonhumans demands representational interventions, including the legal representation of animal clients and the informal representation of animals’ interests though social movement lawyering. Despite the significant stakes of this dilemma, the ethics of animal legal representation are largely untheorized.

Working with theories of lawyer accountability, including the Model Rules of Professional Conduct and critical approaches to cause lawyering, the Article offers a framework for taking responsibility for the thorny ethical issues that arise in representing nonhumans, who we cannot fully comprehend, yet whose voices cry out for justice.

Liebman, M. (2024). Representing animals. Maryland Law Review. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4756838 

Abstract

The popularity of plant-based and vegan diets has experienced significant growth in recent years. While adhering to a vegan diet has been linked to various health benefits, it is important to note that certain essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamins B12 and D, calcium, and iron, may be insufficient in an exclusively plant-based diet. Prolonged inadequate intake of these nutrients can lead to nutritional deficiencies and potentially increase the risk of adverse health outcomes. To further investigate this matter, we conducted a study in which we analyzed a one-week meal plan consisting of vegan recipes from Forks Over Knives (FOK), an organization that advocates for a low-fat, whole-food, vegan diet as a means to prevent or reverse chronic diseases. Through a detailed examination of the meal plan. Based on the evidence derived from this analysis, it is imperative for vegans and their healthcare providers to be cognizant of the potential nutrient deficiencies and associated health consequences that may arise from following this type of diet.

Younes, S. (2024). A comprehensive examination of the nutritional sufficiency of vegan recipes widely available in the market. Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Samer-Younes-5/publication/379375924_A_Comprehensive_Examination_of_the_Nutritional_Sufficiency_of_Vegan_Recipes_Widely_Available_in_the_Market/links/66068a93f5a5de0a9fe8912c/A-Comprehensive-Examination-of-the-Nutritional-Sufficiency-of-Vegan-Recipes-Widely-Available-in-the-Market.pdf 

Abstract

For many, there exists a cognitive inconsistency between the practice of eating non-human animals and the belief that animals are morally relevant. This juxtaposition has fittingly been described as the ‘meat paradox’. However, what can be said about the decision to eat only the flesh of fish? The present research seeks to understand what attitudes lead pescetarians to remove terrestrial animals from their plate but still include aquatic animals such as fish. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with self-identifying pescetarians and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes are presented which can be understood by reference to the construal-level theory of psychological distance. Fish were perceived as distant on multiple dimensions which resulted in speciesist (the idea that some species are more important and morally relevant than others) attitudes toward marine animals’ capabilities and the justification of pescetarianism as a compromise between debates of feasibility and ethical desirability.

Cullen, M., Docherty, D., & Jasper, C. (2024). Out of sight, out of mind: How pescetarians manage dissonance by creating distance. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2024.2328037 

Abstract

Background

Today, raw vegetarianism is considered one of the most important socio-cultural developments in contemporary societies. In this regard, the present study was conducted to describe the perceived experience of people adhering to a vegan diet through a phenomenological perspective.

Methods

This qualitative study explores the perceived experiences of individuals who follow a vegan diet and are part of the self-care campaign in Kermanshah, Iran. sampling was purposeful and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 individuals who follow a vegan lifestyle. The data were analyzed after being collected using the seven steps of Collizi. MAXQUDA software (version 12) was used for data management.

Results

After qualitative data analysis, we identified 567 codes, which were categorized into 15 sub-themes. From these sub-themes, we derived 4 main themes. The main themes include: In pursuit of redemption (Meaningful framework, In awareness path, Unequaled Disappointment, Chronic and complex conditions), Seeking the New World (Starting with doubt and hesitation, The temptation to return, Constant criticism, Unfamiliar appearance), On the path of overcoming difficulties (Associate problems, Matching the new way, Perceived recommendations), and attaining the expected outcomes (Healthy lifestyle, Therapeutic feedback, Enhancing emotional wellbeing, Feeling of youth).

Conclusion

Based on the participants’ experience, despite the challenging journey, the people with a vegetarian diet experienced partial and complete improvement of all the symptoms of the diseases. They had a healthy lifestyle and felt young and energetic. Likewise, this method had a positive effect on people’s mental state and mood.

Khaledi-Paveh, B., Abdi, A., Heydarpour, S., Dehghan, F., Haghparast, R., & Ghasemi, H. (2024). The perceived experience of adhering to vegan diet: a descriptive phenomenological study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 753. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18227-0 

Abstract

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Nicholles, B., & Bryant Research. (2024). The small body problem: Challenges & considerations for animal advocates. https://bryantresearch.co.uk/insight-items/small-body-problem/